Hoofdstuk 3: Treadwell (samenvatting flow) - Ethics, what are my responsibilities as a researcher? Flashcards
Confederates
participants in a study who have been briefed to behave in a particular way.
These participants can, for example, try to manipulate a public speaker while he’s doing his
speech.
Control community:
the community that receives no information about a particular part of
the study, so you can compare these results with the results of the communities that did
receive the information.
Unobtrusive measures:
observe people’s behaviour without them being aware of it.
Wat moet je doen als het onderzoek een teleurstellend element bevat?
Het is je verplichting om dit na te bespreken met je participanten volgens de ethische richtlijnen.
Literature review:
summary and evaluation of what other researchers working on your topic
have published.
Proprietary information:
information that is owned by corporations and may not be published
without their permission. Though you may, as a researcher, have access to this information,
publishing is both ethical and legal violation.
Classical ethical positions (for guidance):
”* Judeo-Christian ethic: would you be a participant in your study yourself?
* Categorical imperative: behaviour is valid if you are willing to see it applied as a universal rule.
* The principle of utilitarianism: the greatest goods for the greatest number. Research designs that hurt a minority of people are justified if there is an overall greater good.
* Veil of ignorance: take a dispassionate approach, reviewing all sides of a decision equally”
Nuremberg Code:
- Research subjects must consent to the research in which they’re involved
- The benefits of a research must outweigh the risk”
The Declaration of Helsinki:
for medical professions researching humans, emphasized that
* Research protocols must be reviewed by an independent committee prior to the
research
* Informed consent must be obtained from research participants
* Research must be conducted by medically or scientifically qualified people
* Research risks should not exceed the benefits
The Belmont Report:
“outlines three basic ethnical principles surrounding research with
human subjects”
1. Autonomy: people should be treated with respect and persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
2. Beneficence: human subjects should not be harmed, and efforts should be made to secure their well-being. Research should maximize possible benefits en minimize possible harm.
3. Justice: The benefits and risks of research must be distributed fairly.”
Questions related to Internet Research according to the Belmont Report
-
Autonomy: are avatars human subjects? How do researchers verify the identity of
participants and how do they know participants’ understanding of informed consent?
How can researchers debrief all participants? -
Beneficence: Are all possible risks and benefits to research participants actually
known? Can researchers guarantee anonymity? - Justice: the internet population is different from the population at large,
The common Rule
addresses requirements for ensuring compliance
by research institutions, requirements for obtaining and documenting informed consent
institutional review boards or IRB’s and special protections for vulnerable research subjects
such as pregnant women or prisoners.
Peer review:
qualified researchers with similar interests assessing each other’s work.
IRB:
Institutional Review Board. A panel established to review research proposals specifically
for their impact on any human participants.
Internet Research has advantages and disadvantages,
*Advantages: access to a large number of research participants, no expanses for travel
* Disadvantage: you don’t know for sure that people are who they say they are
