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Human Physiology - Hormones and Health > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major regulatory systems of the body?

A

endocrine and nervous

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2
Q

What are the main differences between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A
  • endocrine involves slow acting hormone messengers whereas nervous involves fast acting electrochemical impulses
  • endocrine regulates activities that require duration rather than speed whereas nervous regulates activity of muscles and glands
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3
Q

What does the endocrine system maintain?

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

substances released by endocrine glands and transported throughout the blood stream to target tissues where they act to regulate specific functions

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5
Q

What is the classification of hormones based on?

A

the endocrine gland and the chemical nature of hormones

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6
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that produce hormones that are released into the surrounding tissue fluid

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7
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands with ducts that produce non-hormonal substances that are released into the atmosphere

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8
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat and saliva glands

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9
Q

What are the 3 central endocrine glands in the brain?

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
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10
Q

What are the 6 peripheral endocrine glands?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovary/testes
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11
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

on dorsal aspect of thyroid gland

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12
Q

What are the major hormones of the hypothalamus?

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones e.g. TRH, CRH, PIH etc.

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13
Q

What are the 6 major hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A
  • luteinising hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • prolactin
  • growth hormone
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
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14
Q

What are the 2 major hormones of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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15
Q

What are the 2 major hormones of the thyroid?

A
  • thyroxine
  • calcitonin
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16
Q

What is the major hormone of the parathyroid?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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17
Q

What are the 3 major hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • androgens
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18
Q

What are the 2 major hormones of the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

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19
Q

What are the 4 major hormones of the testis?

A
  • testosterone
  • oestradiol
  • inhibin
  • MIH
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20
Q

What are the major 3 hormones of the ovary?

A
  • oestradiol
  • inhibin
  • progesterone
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21
Q

What are the 3 major hormones of the placenta?

A
  • hCG
  • progesterone
  • oestrogen
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22
Q

What are the 3 major hormones of the pancreas?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
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23
Q

What is the major hormone of the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

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24
Q

What does BPA do when heated?

A

hasten puberty in females and increase the chances of various cancers

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25
Q

What do oestrogen disrupters do in males and females respectively?

A

females = mimic the activity of oestrogen and increase the risk of breast tumours
males = decrease sperm count and cause undescended testis (cryptorchidism)

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26
Q

What are the 3 classifications of hormone?

A
  • amino acid (amine)
  • peptide
  • lipid derivative (steroid)
27
Q

Gives examples of amino acid derived hormones

A
  • tyrosine derivatives e.g. thyroid hormones and catecholamines
  • tryptophan derivatives e.g. melatonin
28
Q

What are lipid derived hormones?

A

carbon rings and side chains built from fatty acids or cholesterol

29
Q

Give examples of lipid derived hormones

A
  • eicosanoids
  • steroid hormones
30
Q

Which hormone classes are hydrophilic?

A

peptide hormones and amines in the adrenal medulla

31
Q

Which 5 glands secrete peptide hormones?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • pancreas
  • gonad (inhibin only)
  • placenta
32
Q

Which hormone classes are hydrophobic/lipophilic?

A

steroids (lipid) and amines (except adrenal medulla)

33
Q

Which 3 glands secrete steroid hormones?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • gonad
  • kidney
34
Q

Which 2 glands secrete amine hormones?

A
  • thyroid
  • pineal
35
Q

Why must lipid soluble hormones be bound to plasma proteins?

A

to stay stable

36
Q

How are hormone actions mediated?

A

by binding of the hormone to receptor molecules on target tissues

37
Q

What are the 2 types of hormone receptor and what type of hormone do they bind?

A
  • cell membrane receptors bind hydrophilic hormones
  • intracellular receptors bind hydrophobic/lipophilic hormones
38
Q

How fast and what are the actions of cell membrane receptors?

A

seconds to minutes to alter transcription, translation and various protein functions via intracellular second messengers

39
Q

Give examples of intracellular second messengers

A
  • cAMP
  • DAG
  • IP3
  • calcium
  • tyrosine kinase
40
Q

What are intracellular receptors?

A

large oligomeric and phosphorylated proteins

41
Q

How fast and what are the actions of intracellular receptors?

A

hours to alter transcription rates

42
Q

Why do lipophilic hormones take longer to elicit a response?

A

they have to enter into the cell

43
Q

What are the 3 degrees of hormone response?

A
  1. specificity of hormones
  2. signal amplification
  3. response
44
Q

What are the 3 possible intracellular events of hormones binding to a receptor?

A
  • alteration of channel permeability
  • alteration of activity of proteins by acting on second messenger systems
  • activation of specific genes to cause formation of new proteins
45
Q

What are the 4 determinants of effective hormone concentration in plasma?

A
  1. rate of activation or conversion
  2. extent of binding to plasma proteins
  3. rate of removal from blood
  4. rate of secretion into the blood
46
Q

What happens to a hormone that is not required?

A

it can be bound to another protein until it is required (prolongs half life) or broken down by stomach acids or peptidases

47
Q

What are the effects of hormones proportional to?

A

their concentration in the plasma

48
Q

How are most peptide hormones administered?

A

nasally or via injection

49
Q

What can be used to measure insulin levels?

A

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

50
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

when all body systems are functioning perfectly and together in a state of balance and health

51
Q

What does negative feedback aim to do?

A

return to normal and inhibit the initial response

52
Q

Where are feedback loops used extensively to regulate secretion of hormones?

A

the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

53
Q

Where is the only place where there is less negative feedback?

A

female reproductive system

54
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

the physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle

55
Q

What is the body’s biological clock?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

56
Q

Describe levels of CLK and PER throughout the 24 hour cycle

A
  • CLK accumulates in the SCN throughout the day and activates genes that tell us to stay awake
  • CLK produces PER which accumulates and eventually inhibits CLK
  • CLK by day and PER by night
57
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

trigger sleep

58
Q

What is melatonin inhibited by?

A

natural light filtering in and travelling through the optic nerve to the SCN

59
Q

Why does jet lag occur?

A

crossing different time zones requires resynchronising the circadian rhythms and hormones can become out of sync (can take several cycles to readjust)

60
Q

What can hormone imbalance result from?

A
  • excess or deficiency/decreased secretion of hormones
  • excess or deficiency/decreased target cell responsiveness
61
Q

What does too much or too little hormone active result in?

A

endocrine disorders

62
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that regulate the secretion of another hormone from an endocrine gland

63
Q

Give examples of tropic hormones

A
  • CRH
  • TRH
  • HRHR
64
Q

What is the commonality between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary?

A

regulation by the hypothalamus

Human Physiology - Hormones and Health (14 decks)

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