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B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Name the function and location of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A

function: stimulates the adrenal cortex to release stress hormone called “glucocorticoids”

location: anterior pituitary

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2
Q

ACTH is – soluble

A

peptide/water-soluble

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3
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release stress hormone called “glucocorticoids”

A

ACTH (adrenalcorticotropic hormone)

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4
Q

Where is ACTH located?

A

anterior pituitary

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5
Q

surge causes ovulation; stimulates the
secretion of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

A

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

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6
Q

LH is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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7
Q

Where is LH located?

A

anterior
pituitary

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8
Q

stimulates growth of the follicle during menstrual
cycle and production of sperm

A

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

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9
Q

Where is FSH located?

A

anterior
pituitary

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10
Q

FSH is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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11
Q

stimulates release of T3/T4 from the thyroid

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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12
Q

TSH is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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13
Q

TSH is located in the

A

anterior
pituitary

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14
Q

stimulates growth throughout the body

A

hGH (Human growth hormone)

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15
Q

hGC is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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16
Q

stimulates milk production in the breasts

A

Prolactin

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17
Q

Prolactin is located in the

A

anterior
pituitary

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18
Q

Prolactin is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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19
Q

causes the collecting duct of the kidney to become highly permeable to water, concentrating the urine

A

ADH (Antidiuretichormone)

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20
Q

ADH is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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21
Q

ADH location

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

stimulates contractions during childbirth and milk
secretion during nursing

A

Oxytocin

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23
Q

Oxytocin is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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24
Q

Oxytocin location

A

posterior pituitary

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25
Q

increases blood calcium by stimulating proliferation
of osteoclasts, uptake of Ca2+ in the gut, and
reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidney

A

parathyroid hormone

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26
Q

parathyroid hormone location

A

parathyroid

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27
Q

parathyroid hormone is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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28
Q

stimulates uptake and storage of glucose from the
blood

A

insulin

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29
Q

location is insulin

A

pancreas

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30
Q

insuline is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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31
Q

stimulates gluconeogenesis and release of glucose
into the blood

A

glucagon

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32
Q

glucagon location

A

pancreas

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33
Q

glucagon is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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34
Q

decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts

A

Calcitonin

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35
Q

Calcitonin location

A

thyroid

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36
Q

Calcitonin is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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37
Q

hGC location

A

anterior pituitary

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38
Q

prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum,
maintaining pregnancy

A

hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)

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39
Q

hCG is – soluble

A

peptide/water soluble

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40
Q

hCG location

A

egg/placenta

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41
Q

increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion at the
distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct; net
increase in salts in the plasma, increasing osmotic
potential and subsequently blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

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42
Q

Aldosterone is – soluble

A

steroid/lipid soluble

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43
Q

Aldosterone location

A

adrenal cortex

44
Q

a stress hormone; increases gluconeogenesis in the liver and thus blood glucose levels; stimulates fat
breakdown

A

Cortisol

45
Q

Cortisol location

A

adrenal cortex

46
Q

Cortisol is – soluble

A

steroid/lipid soluble

47
Q

stimulates development of secondary sex
characteristics and closing of epiphyseal plates

A

Testosterone

48
Q

Testosterone location

A

gonads
(testes)

49
Q

Testosterone is – soluble

A

steroid/lipid soluble

50
Q

stimulates female sex organs; causes LH surge in
menstruation

A

Estrogen

51
Q

Estrogen location

A

gonads
(ovaries)

52
Q

Estrogen is – soluble

A

steroid/lipid soluble

53
Q

stimulates growth and maintenance of uterus during
pregnancy

A

Progesterone

54
Q

Progesterone location

A

gonads
(ovaries)

55
Q

Progesterone is – soluble

A

steroid/lipid soluble

56
Q

increases basal metabolic rate, effecting metabolism

A

T3 & T4

57
Q

T3 & T4 are – soluble

A

tyrosine
derivative/lipid
-soluble

58
Q

T3 & T4 location

A

thyroid

59
Q

cause responses almost identical to a sympathetic
nervous system response (fight or flight)

A

Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine

60
Q

Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine location

A

adrenal
medulla

61
Q

Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine are – soluble

A

tyrosine
derivative/
water-soluble

62
Q

Hormones located in the anterior pituitary gland

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, hGH, prolactin

63
Q

Hormones located in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

64
Q

Hormones located in the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormone

65
Q

Hormones located in the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

66
Q

Hormones location in the thyroid

A

T3 & T4, and calcitonin

67
Q

Hormones located in the eggs/placenta

A

hCG

68
Q

Hormones located in the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

69
Q

Hormones located in the gonads
(testes)

A

testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen

70
Q

Hormones located in the adrenal
medulla

A

Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine

71
Q

Hormones that are peptide/water soluble

A

Anterior pituitary
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
hGH
Prolactin
**Posterior pituitary **
ADH
Oxytocin
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
**Thyroid **
Calcitonin
Egg/placenta
hCG

72
Q

Hormones that are steroid/lipid soluble

A

Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone, Cortisol

Gonads/testes
Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone

73
Q

Hormones that are tyrosine
derivative/lipid
-soluble

A

T3 & T4
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

74
Q

Releases the corticoids: aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) and cortisol (glucocorticoids).
Also releases androgens which are converted to testosterone and estrogen in gonads.

A

Adrenal cortex

75
Q

Part of the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system in the kidneys.
↑ blood pressure by ↑ water absorption from kidneys.
Key role in electrolyte balance: ↑ Na+ absorption and ↓ K+ absorption.

A

Aldosterone

76
Q

Key regulator of the stress response.
↑ gluconeogenesis (↑ blood glucose)
↓ immune system activity

A

Cortisol

77
Q

After a meal, adipocyte cells release this hormone to trigger appetite suppression.

A

Leptin

78
Q

Fasting state triggers Gastric cells to release this hormone triggering hunger.

A

Ghrelin

79
Q

The kidneys produce EPO which triggers production of red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin

80
Q

Made in the pineal gland.
Controls circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle.

A

Melatonin

81
Q

Made in the pancreas.
Inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary.

A

Somatostatin

82
Q

Releases catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Catecholamines activate the fight-or-flight response.

A

Adrenal Medulla

83
Q

A class of hormones that is hydrophilic and derived from the molecule tyrosine.

A

Catecholamines

Important distinction: the adrenal cortex makes steroid hormones while the medulla makes catecholamines.

84
Q

Induce the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system that aims to maximize blood flow, blood glucose, and oxygen delivery.
↑ blood pressure
↑ heart rate
↓ glycogenesis
↑ airway flow

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

85
Q

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary:

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH.
Mnemonic: FLAT PEG.

86
Q

In females: stimulates ovarian follicle growth.
In males: stimulates spermatogenesis.

A

FSH

87
Q

In females: stimulates ovulation.
In males: stimulates production of testosterone.
High estrogen leads to ↑ LH and ↓FSH.

A

LH

88
Q

Stimulates production of cortisol as part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis:
CRH (hypothalamus) → ACTH (anterior pituitary) → cortisol (adrenal cortex)

A

ACTH

89
Q

Stimulates the thyroid to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which help regulate basal metabolic rate.

A

TSH

90
Q

Stimulates production of breast milk and will shut down sexual desire after orgasm. Release is inhibited by dopamine.

A

Prolactin

91
Q

Block the sensation of pain while inducing feelings of euphoria and pleasure.

A

Endorphins

92
Q

Stimulates bone growth during childhood/adolescence.
Stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus and inhibited by somatostatin.

A

GH

93
Q

Thyroid hormones regulate –.

Thyroid and parathyroid together regulate – in the body.

A

metabolism, calcium metabolism

94
Q

Control the basal metabolic rate.

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Note: thyroid hormones are their own class of hormones (distinct from catecholamines, peptide, or steroid hormones). They are hydrophobic

95
Q

Made by parafollicular C cells in the thyroid.
Decreases calcium in the blood.
Mechanism: ↓ bone resorption and ↑ renal excretion.

A

Calcitonin

96
Q

↑ calcium and ↓ phosphorus in the blood.
Mechanism: ↑ osteoclast activity for bone breakdown.

A

Parathyroid hormone

97
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary:

A

oxytocin and ADH.
Important difference from the anterior pituitary: these hormones are made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.

98
Q

Stimulates milk ejection in the breasts and uterine contractions during childbirth.

A

Oxytocin

99
Q

Leads to an increase in water absorption in kidneys and a decrease in water lost through urine.
Purpose: help the body hold onto water by concentrating urine.

A

ADH

100
Q

A small region in the brain. Can be thought of as a regulatory control center.
Plays many roles in homeostasis through regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

Hormones that induce the release of other hormones from endocrine glands.
Many are produced in the hypothalamus and act on the pituitary, examples: GnRH, CRH.

A

Tropic hormones

102
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus triggers

A

GnRH (hypothalamus) → FSH and LH (anterior pituitary) → gonads

103
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus triggers

A

CRH (hypothalamus) → ACTH (anterior pituitary) → cortisol (adrenal cortex)

104
Q

Inhibits release of prolactin from the pituitary and plays a role in the reward pathway.

A

Dopamine

105
Q

This brain structure plays a critical role in regulating hunger, temperature, thirst.

A

Hypothalamus

Mnemonic: HTTP = Hunger, Temperature, Thirst, Pituitary control

106
Q

Characteristics of peptide vs steroid hormones

A

B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT (15 decks)

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