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biology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment via chemical messengers (HORMONES)

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2
Q

What are 6 well-known glands in the body?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pancreas
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Testes (men)
  • Ovaries (women)
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3
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

The ovaries produce oestrogen, this hormone controls puberty and in one of the main hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

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4
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

They produce the ‘fight or flight’ response which is triggered when an organism is in a dangerous situation

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5
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

It releases thyroxine which regulates metabolism, heart rate and body temperature, but mainly it increases the basal(resting) metabolic rate

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6
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

It produces insulin and glucagon, both help regulate the body’s blood glucose level

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7
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A
  • It releases hormones in response to changes detected by the hypothalamus
  • Lots of these hormones trigger other glands to release more hormones
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8
Q

What do the testes do?

A

they produce testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

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9
Q

What is a similarity between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

They both follow the same basic response order:

  1. Receptor cells (detect a stimuli)
  2. Coordination centres (process information)
  3. Effectors (muscles or glands that create a response)
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10
Q

How is the nervous system different to the endocrine system?

A
  • It creates a rapid response
  • Uses electrical signals carried by neurones
  • The response is very short
  • Acts on a very precise part of the body
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11
Q

How is the endocrine system different to the nervous system?

A
  • It triggers a slower response
  • It uses hormones which are transported in the blood
  • The response can last for longer periods of time
  • Can act on a large areas of the body
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12
Q

What happens when the concentration of thyroxine in the blood is too low?

A
  • When the concentration of thyroxine in the blood is low, the hypothalamus detects this and produces TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone).
  • This causes the pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
  • This stimulates the secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland
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13
Q

How are thyroxine levels regulated?

A

By a negative feedback loop

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14
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels are too high?

A
  • When thyroxine levels have returned to ‘normal’ or are too high, TRH secretion from the hypothalamus is reduced
  • This, in turn, reduces TSH released from the thyroid gland which reduces thyroxine released from the thyroid gland
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15
Q

what are 3 effects of release of adrenaline in the body?

A
  • The liver converts glycogen stores back into glucose to raise blood sugar levels
  • It enlarges the air passages in the lungs and alters metabolism to boost oxygen and glucose delivery to the muscles and brain
  • It increases heart rate and blood pressure by vasoconstriction (when vessels and veins constrict) this increases blood flow around the body, specifically to muscle cells
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16
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on heart rate and blood pressure?

A

-It increases heart rate and blood pressure by vasoconstriction (when vessels and veins constrict) this increases blood flow around the body, specifically to muscle cells

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17
Q

How does adrenaline effect the lungs and metabolism?

A

-It enlarges the air passages in the lungs and alters metabolism to boost oxygen and glucose delivery to the muscles and brain

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18
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on the liver?

A

-The liver converts glycogen stores back into glucose to raise blood sugar levels

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19
Q

How do female bodies respond to puberty?

A
  • The amount of oestrogen increases and causes the menstrual cycle to start
  • Underarm and pubic hair grow
  • Breasts enlarge
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20
Q

How do male bodies respond to puberty?

A
  • The amount of testosterone increases, stimulating sperm production
  • Underarm, pubic and facial hair starts to grow
  • Voice deepens
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21
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

It’s a monthly cycle that involves the maturation and release of an egg

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22
Q

How many stages are there in the menstrual cycle?

A

There are 4 stages it can be divided into depending on the level of hormones

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23
Q

What are the 4 main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Oestrogen
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Progesterone
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24
Q

When are females’ eggs produced?

A

A female is born with all her of her eggs ready but only one egg will mature and be released each month after she starts menstruating

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25
Q

What does follicles stimulating hormone (FSH) do and where is it released from?

A

FSH is released from the pituitary gland and it causes and egg in the ovary to mature, it encourages the release of oestrogen

26
Q

What does oestrogen do and where is it produced?

A
  • Oestrogen is released from the ovaries and it causes the thick spongy lining of the uterus to build up
  • It also inhibits the production of FSH and encourages the production of LH
27
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do and where is it produced?

A

LH is produced in the pituitary gland and it stimulates the matured egg to be released on day 14 of the menstrual cycle, this is called ovulation

28
Q

What does progesterone do and where is it produced?

A
  • Progesterone is produced by the ovaries after ovulation, it maintains the thick uterus lining through days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle
  • When progesterone levels drop, this triggers the breakdown of the lining and marks day 1 for the next cycle
  • Progesterone also inhibits FSH and LH
29
Q

What are the 2 types of contraceptive pills for women?

A
  • The combined pill

- The progesterone only pill

30
Q

What is the ‘combined’ contraceptive pill? How does it work?

A
  • It contains both oestrogen and progesterone
  • By taking it every day, enough oestrogen builds up in the female to inhibit the production of FSH so no eggs can mature
31
Q

What is the ‘progesterone-only’ pill and how does it work?

A
  • It stimulates the production a thick, sticky mucus which is very difficult for any sperm to penetrate
  • Inhibits FSH so no eggs are matured
  • Just as effective as the combined pill but has fewer side-effects
32
Q

What are some other, less common ways to prevent fertility?

A
  • Contraceptive implant
  • Contraceptive patch
  • Contraceptive injection
33
Q

What is a contraceptive implant? How long does it last?

A
  • It’s an implant inserted under the skin which continuously releases a small amount of progesterone
  • It can last up to 3 years
34
Q

What is a contraceptive patch? how long does it last?

A
  • It’s a small patch placed on the skin which steadily releases progesterone
  • It needs to be changed only once a week
35
Q

What is a contraceptive injection? how long does it last?

A
  • An injection which contains progesterone

- It can last up to 3 months

36
Q

What is the main hormone used in contraceptive pills, implants, patches and injection?

A

Progesterone

37
Q

What are some physical methods of female contraception?

A
  • Diaphragms

- Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

38
Q

What is a diaphragm and how does it work?

A
  • A shallow plastic cup
  • It is inserted in the vagina before sex and sits on the entrance of the uterus and thus prevents any sperm from entering it
  • It can also be covered in spermicide to kill sperm
39
Q

What are intrauterine devices (IUDs) and how do they work?

A
  • They are small T-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus
  • They work by preventing implantation of an embryo (fertilised egg) and some of them also release progesterone
  • (They are also known as coils)
40
Q

What is a common contraceptive method for men?

A

Condoms

41
Q

How do condoms work?

A

They prevent the sperm released from entering the woman during ejaculation, some also contain spermicide to kill sperm

42
Q

Why are condoms a good method of contraception?

A

They also prevent STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia from being transmitted between partners

43
Q

What is abstinence?

A

Choosing not to have sex unless you are ready for a baby (its a natural contraceptive)

44
Q

How can timing act as a natural contraceptive?

A

Some women don’t have sex on days they feel they are ovulating to prevent fertilisation of an egg, however sperm can last 6 days in a woman and so it’s not very reliable

45
Q

What are natural methods of contraception?

A
  • Abstinence

- Monitoring body temp (it rises during menstruation)

46
Q

What is a permanent procedure that will be a contraceptive for men and women?

A

Sterilisation

47
Q

How does sterilisation work in men?

A

The sperm ducts are cut so that sperms aren’t released on ejaculation

48
Q

How does sterilisation work in women?

A

The Fallopian tubes are cut so an egg cannot reach the uterus and be fertilised

49
Q

What is infertility? How does it occur amongst women?

A
  • When a woman is unable to get pregnant

- It occurs when not enough FSH can be released to cause an egg to mature

50
Q

What are the common fertility treatments for infertile women?

A
  • Clomifene

- In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

51
Q

How does clomifene work?

A

Clomifene is a fertility drug that triggers ovulation by causing an increase in the release of FSH, it helps the follicle to mature into an egg cell and increases the concentration of LH to cause ovulation.

52
Q

How does in vitro fertilisation (IVF) work?

A
  • FSH and LH are given to stimulate lots of eggs to ovulate
  • The eggs are then collected
  • The eggs are fertilised in a dish in a lab using sperm from the father
  • If the fertilised eggs develop into an embryo, they are implanted back into woman’s uterus.
53
Q

What are some disadvantages of using fertility treatments?

A
  • It can place large amounts of physical and emotional stress on patients and families
  • It can result in multiple pregnancies (twins and triplets), this can put both the mother and child at risk
  • It can be very expensive with a low success rate
54
Q

What are the changes caused by puberty called?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

55
Q

In what order are hormones released during the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. FSH
  2. Oestrogen
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone
56
Q

What happen in stage 1 of menstruation?

A

FSH is released by the pituitary gland and causes an egg to mature

57
Q

What happens in stage 2 of menstruation?

A

FSH triggers the ovaries to release oestrogen, this causes the lining of the uterus to become thick and spongy, oestrogen also inhibits release of FSH

58
Q

What happens in stage 3 of menstruation?

A

The pituitary gland releases LH, this triggers ovulation, the egg is released (on day 14)

59
Q

What happens in stage 4 of menstruation?

A

The ovaries release progesterone, this inhibits FSH and LH from the pituitary gland, it also keeps the lining of the uterus thick in case the egg is fertilised, if it isn’t the level of progesterone falls and the woman has a ‘period’

60
Q

At which 6 parts of the body does the adrenaline hormone have an effect ?

A
  • Brain
  • Heart
  • Muscles
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Blood
61
Q

Which hormone increases during puberty in males?

A

Testosterone

62
Q

Which hormone increases during puberty in females?

A

Oestrogen

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