Hormones

Question 1

“first” experiment on hormones

Answer 1

• loss of fxn study
• castrate 1 group of rooster. animals develop without wattle and comb, and don’t have aggressive/mountain usual behaviour, weak crow
• undisturbed, rooster has large wattle and combs, mount and mate, crow loudly, aggressive
• third group: reimplant testes into abdominal cavity immediately after surgery, rooster develops normally
• suggests there are activation effects, but timing is really critical
• testes secrete a “secretory blood-borne chemical”

Question 2

exocrine gland

Answer 2

secrete something out of body (tear, sweat, salivary)

- usually not secreting hormones, but sometimes can (i.e. pheromone)

Question 3

Endocrine gland

Answer 3

• release chemical within body
• usually in circulatory system, can reach distant target
• release hormones

Question 4

Forms of signalling

Answer 4

1. endocrine: chemical signal released into bloodstream
   2: neurocrine: one NS cell that releases NT onto another NS cell
2. autocrine: both hormones and NT. release signal that is received by receptors on same cell.
3. Paracrine: released locally, into extracellular fluid. cells closest to releasing cell are going to get strongest signal.
4. pheromone: releasing chemical signals for purpose of communication
5. allomone: chemical signal btw species (flower to bee)

Question 5

Principles of hormone function

Answer 5

• slow effects (hours –> weeks)
• some activate behaviours (polarity), but what’s more likely is that hormones are modifying intensity/probability of behaviour
• reciprocal relationship with behaviours
• multiplicity of actions: hormones have variety of fxns depending on tissue/receptor. diff hormones can cause same effect on a target, also same hormone can cause diff effects on target
• secretion is pulsatile- released in bursts, since long-lasting effects.
• released according to circadian rhythm
• hormones interact
• hormones need receptors. some (i.e. steroids) don’t need to be on the PM

Question 6

Organizational vs activational effects of hormones

Answer 6

activational: initiates a behaviour
organizational: modify intensity/probability of behaviour

***** not sure about this
ASK NIK

Question 7

HTh

Answer 7

• junction btw NS and endocrine
• contains neuroendocrine cells
• controls hormone secretion
• place in BBB where more permeable bc of neuroendocrine cells which release NT into bloodstream

Question 8

types of hormones

Answer 8

1. Peptide
   
   • adrenocorticotropic hormone
   • FSH
   • LH
   • thyroid-stimulating hormone
     (TSH)
     -growth hormone (GH)
   • prolactin
   • insulin
   • glucagon
   • oxytocin
     -vasopressin
   • CRH, and GnRH
2. Amine
   - EP and NE
   - thyroid hormones
   - melatonin
3. Steroid hormones
   - estrogens
   - progestins
   - androgens
   - glucocorticoids
   - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 9

hormone receptor types

Answer 9

At the membrane:
- GPCRs, faster type of hormone receptor

Intracellular:

• usually near nucleus
• become a TF when hormone binds
• slower

Question 10

Radioimmunoassay

Answer 10

• measure hormone levels in blood
• measure behaviours, take blood sample
• add radioactive antibody will bind hormone in blood

Question 11

audioradiography

Answer 11

• insert radioactive version of hormone
• hormone administered into animal
• observe where hormone binds

Question 12

IHC/ICC

Answer 12

• instead of adding radioactive hormone, use antibody technique, but make antibody for the receptors

Question 13

in situ hybridization

Answer 13

instead of targeting receptors/hormones, target mRNA. create complimentary strand, label with fluorescent protein. insert into tissue slice. complimentary RNA will bind.