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Earth's Life Support Systems Case Studies > How Do The Water And Carbon Cycle Operate In The Amazon > Flashcards

How Do The Water And Carbon Cycle Operate In The Amazon Flashcards

1
Q

How many countries is the Amazon spread over?

A

9

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2
Q

What is the area?

A

6 million km squared

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3
Q

What percentage of the Amazon is in Brazil?

A

70%

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4
Q

Where is the steepest relief?

A

West Andes

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5
Q

What is the effect of steeper relief?

A

Higher surface run off

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6
Q

What sort of rainfall occurs here?

A

Convectional

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7
Q

What is most of the Amazon’s relief like?

A

Lowlands
Gentle

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8
Q

How does water travel in gentle relief?

A

Throughflow
Groundwater flow

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9
Q

Where is the flattest area and how is water stored?

A

Pantanal
Stored on surface for months

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10
Q

What are temperatures like?

A

Consistently high
25-30 degrees

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11
Q

What is humidity like?

A

High absolute humidity

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12
Q

What % of rainfall is recycled via evapotranspiration?

A

60%

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13
Q

What is the process called when clouds full of water vapor are moved by winds?

A

Flying rivers

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14
Q

Is there more water in the atmosphere or rivers?

A

Atmosphere

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15
Q

What leaves a tree through transpiration?

A

Water
Particles of salt (allows water to condense quicker)

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16
Q

What is the effect of dense evergreen vegetation?

A

High interception rates

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17
Q

What percentage of intercepted rainfall is evaporated?

A

20%

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18
Q

What is the phenomenon known as that involves rapid cycling between the atmosphere and biosphere?

A

Feedback Loop

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19
Q

What are the two types of rock in the Amazon basin?

A

Crystalline (Igneous)
Sedimentary

20
Q

What is crystalline rock like in terms of the water cycle?

A

Impermeable
Rapid run off

21
Q

What are sedimentary rocks like in terms of the water cycle?

A

Porous
Permeable
Stored in aquifers reducing run off

22
Q

What is the net primary productivity like?

A

High
2500 grams/m cubed/ year

23
Q

What do high temperatures mean for the carbon cycle?

A

CO2 fixed at fast rate via photosynthesis
Increase decomposition speed and CO2 back to atmosphere

24
Q

What is most soil like and why?

A

Infertile with limited nutrients
Heavy rainfall washes nutrients away

25
Q

How is all the biomass supported?

A

Thin, dark fertile layer of soil
Humus layer

26
Q

How many tonnes of carbon are in the rainforest?

A

100 billion

27
Q

How much CO2 enters the rainforest annually?

A

2.4 billion tonnes

28
Q

How much CO2 leaves the rainforest annually?

A

1.7 billion

29
Q

Because the rainforest gains more carbon that it loses what is it classed as?

A

Carbon Sink

30
Q

What is igneous crystalline rock like in terms of the carbon cycle?

A

Contains little carbonates
Hard to weather
Not a key store

31
Q

Where is there limestone which does contain carbonates on a regional scale?

A

West
Andes

32
Q

What percentage of carbon is stored above ground?

A

60%

33
Q

How many tonnes of carbon can a tree store above ground? (branches, stems, leaves)

A

180 tonnes per hectare

34
Q

How many tonnes of carbon can a tree store below ground? (roots)

A

40 tonnes per hectare

35
Q

How much of the rainforest has been lost to deforestation?

A

20%

36
Q

Between 1970 and 2013 what was the rate of deforestation?

A

17,500km squared/year

37
Q

How much of the Amazon in Bolivia was lost and why?

A

30,000 km squared
Subsistence farming

38
Q

What effect does deforestation have on the carbon store?

A

76% reduction per hectare

39
Q

Why does deforestation take place? (4)

A

Sugar
Grassland for cattle
HEP (cities growing)
Palm oil

40
Q

What system do indigenous people use regarding deforestation?

A

Slash and burn

41
Q

What is the impact of rainforest to grassland land use change?

A

Run off increased by factor of 27
50% of this goes to rivers
Fear of droughts

42
Q

What will increase from deforestation? (2)

A

Peak flow
Absorption of solar energy

43
Q

What will decrease with deforestation? (4)

A

Humidity
Transpiration
Interception
Soil moisture storage

44
Q

Which area is susceptible to floods because of deforestation? How?

A

Madeira River Basin
By the steep West Andes
River = 19.68m above usual
Run off and speeds increase

45
Q

What scheme involves carbon credits?

A

REDD Scheme

46
Q

Who protects from illegal logging?

A

Surui

47
Q

What is the Parica project?

A

Reforestation of 1000km squared
20 million fast-growing tropical seedlings
Sequesters carbon in 25 year periods

Earth's Life Support Systems Case Studies (2 decks)

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