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Civil Law > HSE 2 > Flashcards

HSE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Corrosion

A

Caused by a chemical or electrochemical attack on the surface of the metals.

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2
Q

How to lessen scaling?

A

*Increase velocity
*Use strainers
*Wash using steam condensate

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3
Q

Factors affecting corrosion

A

*Purity of metal
*Temperature
*Exposure to moisture and acids

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4
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Galvanic / Fretting

A

When two electrochemically dissimilar metals are in electrical contact in an electrolytic environment

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5
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Pitting

A

*Most destructive
*Redox Reaction causing giants pits
*Metal relocates to cathodic metal film

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6
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Crevice

A

*Localized
*Difference in ion concentrations in two areas of metal

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7
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Intergranular

A

*Caused by impurities at grain boundaries (crystalities) of solid

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8
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Stress Corrosion Cracking

A

*Tensile stress + corrosive environment

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9
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Uniform

A

*Most common form
*Attack across the surface of metal

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10
Q

TYPES OF CORROSION:
Corrosion Fatigue

A

Repeated application of stress

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11
Q

Erosion

A

Wear of the pump internal parts by suspended solid particles contained in the fluid being pumped.

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12
Q

Fire Point

A

Lowest temperature at which oil vapor will BURN after exposure to OPEN FLAME

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13
Q

Smoke Point

A

Lowest temperature at which oil will produce VISIBLE SMOKE

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14
Q

Flash Point

A

Lowest temperature at which OIL EVAPORATES to form COMBUSTIBLE GAS CONCENTRATION

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15
Q

Pour Point

A

Lowest temperature at which the oil will pour

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16
Q

Boiling Point

A

Temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid

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17
Q

Auto-ignition Temperature

A

Temperature at which liquid readily ignites at atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

Equipment Cost by Scaling

A

Six-Tenths Rule
(Big Cost) / (Small Cost) = (Big Size / Small Size)^0.6

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19
Q

DCS vs PLC

A

DCS
*Regulatory actions
*Alarms
*Used for Basic Process Control System

PLC
*Discrete control
*Alarms
*Used for Safety Instrumented system

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20
Q

WAYS TO DISPOSE:
*Liquids
*Gases

A

*Liquids
-Drain
-Ground
-Vessel in ground

*Gases
-Atmosphere (Innocent)
-Flare (Combustible)
-Scrubber (Absorbable)

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21
Q

FEEDBACK CONTROL

A

*What is measured?
-manipulated variable
*When is error adjusted?
-AFTER error is propagated
*Closed or Open Loop?
-closed loop

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22
Q

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

A

*What is measured?
-disturbance variable
*When error is adjusted?
-BEFORE error is propagated
*Closed or Open Loop?
-open loop

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23
Q

Ratio Control

A

*Setpoint determined by another sensor
*Setpoint calculated by equation

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24
Q

Split Range vs Parallel Control

A

*Split Range Control
-Preference between streams
*Parallel Control
-No preference between streams

25
Q

Basis for Temperature Rating

A
  • (Fire Point) / (Max Surface Temp)
    OR * (Fire Point) / (T rating temp + Max Fluid Temp - Reference Temp)
26
Q

Hot Dip Galvanization

A

Dipping steel in molten zinc

27
Q

Cathodic Protection

A

Active sites converted to passive sites by providing electrons

28
Q

Alloying

A

Mixing of different metals to get the optimal mix of their characteristics

29
Q

Double Bleed and Block

A

*2 On-Off Valves
*1 Drain

30
Q

Vertical vs Horizontal Storage Tanks

A

Vertical
+ Most used
+ Put in flat solid surface

Horizontal
+ Can be above or below ground
+ Underground serves as insulation (cold climate)
- Corrosion

31
Q

Safety Factor

A

Multiplier to equipment capacity to account for safety and uncertainties in processes

32
Q

Cladding

A

Covering a metal with another metal as protective layer

33
Q

CONTROLLER TUNING:
*Cohen-Coon
*Ziegler-Nichols

A

*Cohen-Coon
-For open loop
*Ziegler-Nichols
-For open and closed loops

34
Q

Transducer vs Sensor vs Transmitter

A

*Transducer (sensor + transmitter)
-converts energy to another form of energy

*Sensor
-converts energy to signal

*Transmitter
-transports signal from sensor to computer

35
Q

Hot burn and Cold Burn Temperatures

A

*Hot burn
-short exposure: > 60 deg C
-prolonged exposure: > 49 deg C

*Cold burn
< 0 deg C

36
Q

*Limiting Oxygen Concentration
*Lower and Upper Flammable Limit of Solution

A

*Limiting Oxygen Concentration
+ O2 = z * LFL
(where z = stoich O2)

*Lower and Upper Flammable Limit of Solution
+ LFL,mix = sum (yi / LFL,i)
+ UFL,mix = sum (yi / UFL,i)

37
Q

Flash Tank

A

Vessel to separate gas flashed from liquid from high to lower pressure

38
Q

Scrubber or Knockout Drum

A

*Vessel to handle high gas/liquid ratio.
*Liquid entrained as mist

39
Q

Three Phase Separator

A

Vessel to separate gas, water and oil

40
Q

Slug Catcher

A

Vessel to absorb in-flow of large liquid volumes at irregular intervals.

41
Q

Total Cost by Lang Factor

A

Total Cost = C * Purchase Cost

42
Q

Process hazard

A

inherent chemical or physical characteristic with the energy potential for damaging people, property, and/or the environment.

43
Q

Hazard

A

condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable event.

44
Q

PHA

A

*Process Hazard Analysis

*Identify and analyze potential hazards associated with processing or handling of hazardous chemicals.

45
Q

FMEA

A

*Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

*Identify potential failure modes and determine the effect of each on system performance.
*Individual failure is independent of other failures

46
Q

Categories of Inherently Simpler Design

A

SILA

*Simplification
-Reduce complexity to reduce errors

*Intensification
-Reduce required materials by using more efficient processes and equipment
-Ex: PFR volume < CSTR volume

*Limitation
-Minimize involved equipment and materials
-Less pumps, and piping

*Attenuation
-Use hazardous materials under least hazardous conditions
-Reduce temperatures
-Use atmospheric pressures

47
Q

Primary vs Secondary Explosion Protection

A

*Primary
-Prevent explosive atmospheres

*Secondary
-Using the ff:
-Ignition source and Static
-Hot surfaces
-Flameproofing

48
Q

Flame / Explosion Proofing

A

Parts that may ignite is surrounded by an enclosure

49
Q

Work Permits

A

*Hot work permit
*Cold work permit
*Enclosed work permit

50
Q

Lockout and Tagout

A

*Lockout
-To prevent device to be turned on or opened

*Tagout
-Putting tag on locked device

51
Q

Floating Roof Tank

A
  • Floating roof rises and falls according to oil level
  • Higher volumes
52
Q

Fixed Roof Tank
*Cone
*Dome
*with Internal Floating Roof

A

*Cone
- Cheapest and most common

*Dome
-High vapor pressure liquids

*with Internal Floating Roof
-Prevent vapor losses and air pollution

53
Q

Bunded Tank

A
  • Enclosed by one more tank
  • Or has surrounding dike
54
Q

Open Top Tank

A
  • Used when fluid has minimal losses due to evaporation
55
Q

Single Skin & Double Skin Tanks

A
  • Has one or two layers of plastic or steel
56
Q

When to use Horizontal or Vertical Vessels?

A

*Horizontal Vessels
-Three-Phase Separation
- Liquid-Liquid separation
- Foaming Feed

*Vertical Vessels
- Smaller land usage
- High Gas content
- Solid removal

57
Q

Ways to Prevent BLEVE

A

Boiling Level Elevation Vapor Explosion

*Overfill protection
*Overpressure protection
*Spill containment

58
Q

Temperature Rating

A

Layer of protection to prevent sparks from instruments from igniting a potentially hazardous atmosphere

59
Q

When to Use (Vessel Heads and Bottoms):
*Hemispherical Head
*Semi-Ellipsoidal Head
*Flat Head

A

*Hemispherical Head
-High pressure

*Semi-Ellipsoidal Head
-Most common
-High pressures

*Flat Head
-Small diameters
-Low pressures

Civil Law (31 decks)

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