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PSYC 363 > Human Brain Module > Flashcards

Human Brain Module Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Pia mater, Arachnoid layer & Dura mater

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2
Q

The meninges are layered. List them in order, from outermost to innermost.

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid layer
  3. Pia mater
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3
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

To provide physical protection to the brain in case of head injury, to contain the
cerebrospinal fluid that bathes the brain

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4
Q

Why is the human brain so gyrus-rich? What is the consequence of this
anatomical feature of the human brain?

A

The folding patterns on the brain allow for a much larger surface area of
cerebral cortex to be packed into a small volume skull

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5
Q

The first major fissure runs the length of the dorsal surface of the brain and separates
the two hemispheres from one another. A common name for this fissure is the…..

A

longitudinal fissure, cerebral fissure, great longitudinal fissure, medial longitudinal
fissure or interhemispheric fissure

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6
Q

Based upon your readings, what would you conclude the function of the
orbitofrontal cortex is?

A

The orbitofrontal cortex appears to allow us to control our behavior and
emotions. When it is damaged, people seem more prone to losing control of their
behavior and emotions.

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7
Q

The optic nerves and chiasm include axons that are connected to ___1.___ cells
in the __2.__ and are traveling to synapse in the ___3.___.

A
  1. ganglion
  2. retina
  3. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
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8
Q

Where does the basilar artery carry oxygenated blood to?

A

Brain stem and cerebellum

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9
Q

When peering down into the small indentation just caudal to the optic chiasm you can see two “humps”. What
are these structures called?

A

Mammillary bodies

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10
Q

What is known about the clinical consequences of damage to the mammillary bodies?

A

Damage to the mammillary bodies causes severe memory deficits. Damage
to these structures happens in Korsakoff syndrome, a dementia usually caused by
severe alcohol use

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11
Q

Another patient famous in neuropsychology, Henry Molaison (or HM), experienced surgical injury to his hippocampus resulting in symptoms of?

A

temporally graded retrograde amnesia; anterograde
amnesia

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12
Q

The olfactory nerve contains axons of __1.__ cells found in the __2.__ that are traveling to the __3.__.

A
  1. olfactory neuron
  2. olfactory epithelium
  3. olfactory bulb
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13
Q

The olfactory tract contains axons of 1. cells found in the __2.___ that are traveling to the __3.__.

A
  1. mitral or tufted
  2. olfactory bulb
  3. cerebral cortex
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14
Q

You can also identify, on this brain, another major source of blood supply to the brain. Located the optic nerves/chiasm, and look immediately lateral to the nerves, on the left and right. Being arteries, these vessels are not exiting the brain – they are entering it and carrying blood into it.
What is the name of these arteries and what parts of the brain is it carrying blood to?

A

internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery

Function: carrying blood to the lateral
parts of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

The uncus conceals underneath it two critical brain structures from the temporal lobe.
One is the hippocampus. The other is an almond-shaped nucleus called the
__1.___, which plays a major role in __2.__.

A
  1. amygdala
  2. emotions such as fear
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16
Q

The pyramids are an axon tract that are connected to neurons in the __1.__ and are traveling to synapse in the _2.__. These fibers play a major role in ____3.____.

A
  1. motor cortex/precentral gyrus
  2. spinal cord
  3. voluntary motor behavior
17
Q

What is the function of Precentral gyrus?

A

initiating motor movements

18
Q

What is the function of Postcentral gyrus?

A

somatosensation (touch and pressure and pain sensation
in the skin)

19
Q

What function is associated with the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

20
Q

The two sides of the brain are not symmetrical in shape or size! For most people, the left side of the cerebrum is slightly larger than the right hemisphere. Why is this?

A

for most people, language function resides in the left, but not right,
hemisphere

21
Q

What is an example of an “executive function”?

A

working memory, attention, planning, reasoning

22
Q

What is social cognition and why is it important?

A

social cognition is the ability to understand that other people and animals have minds, feelings, beliefs, emotions and motivations that drive their behavior.

If we do not fully appreciate that other people or animals have their own
minds, feelings, beliefs, emotions and motivations, we may not treat them
fairly.

23
Q

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

A

secretion of hormones that travel through blood to affect target organs in the
body

24
Q

What disease is associated with degeneration of the substantia nigra, and what neurotransmitter is released by neurons of this structure?

A

Parkinson’s disease; dopamine

25
Q

Damage to Broca’s area in the left hemisphere can cause a condition called non-fluent aphasia. What are the symptoms of this condition?

A

Intact ability to understand spoken language; great difficult with producing
fluent speech

26
Q

The cortical regions just caudal to the termination of the sylvian fissure are the angular gyrus (more dorsally) and Wernicke’s area (more ventrally). Both of these structures
play a role in language comprehension, and damage to them can cause a condition called fluent aphasia. How do these two structures differ in their contributions to language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area has more to do with spoken language comprehension,
while the angular gyrus has more to do with reading (written language
comprehension)

27
Q

Describe the pathway by which vision travels from the retina of the eye to V1?

A
  1. Retina
  2. lateral geniculate nucleus
  3. V1
28
Q

Visual information flows from V1 into two streams – a so called dorsal stream that
includes structures in the parietal lobe and a so-called ventral stream that includes structures in the temporal lobe.
How do these stream visual processing streams differ? What aspects of vision are they responsible for?

A

the ventral stream is more involved in object recognition (what one is seeing),
while the dorsal stream plays more of a role in object localization (where something is found in the visual world)

29
Q

What parts of neurons are found within white matter?

A

Axons

30
Q

here are some patients who receive a psychosurgery called a “cingulotomy”,
in which the anterior cingulate is intentionally damaged to relieve their symptoms. Name one condition that is treated with cingulotomy and describe the symptoms of this condition.

A

OCD; Chronic Pain

OCD is an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts drive compulsive
behaviors

chronic pain is a condition of long-lasting pain that leads to negative
affect

PSYC 363 (1 decks)

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