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IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION > Human nutrition Details > Flashcards

Human nutrition Details Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of carbohydrates

A

Main source of energy for the body(provides long lasting energy)

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2
Q

Importance of fats and oils

A

-Insulation
-Stores energy
-Used as a fuel source

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3
Q

Importance of proteins

A

Helps build/repair body tissues

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4
Q

Importance of vitamin C

A

-Protects cells and improves/maintains healthy connective tissue, blood vessels, bones, cartilage and skin
-Needed for iron absorption

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5
Q

Importance of vitamin D

A

-Helps maintain healthy bones, teeth and muscles
-Needed for calcium absorption

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6
Q

Importance of calcium

A

-Needed for strong teeth and bones
-Involved in the clotting of bones

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7
Q

Importance of iron

A

-Used to make haemoglobin
-Helps transport oxygen around the body

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8
Q

Importance of fibre(roughage)

A

-Helps to keep the digestive system healthy(helps food to move through the stomach and the intestines)
-Helps to reduce constipation

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9
Q

Importance of water

A

Needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells

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10
Q

Cause of scurvy

A

Severe lack of vitamin C

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11
Q

Cause of rickets

A

Severe lack of vitamin D

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12
Q

Organs in the alimentary canal

A

-Mouth
-Oesophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestine(duodenum and ileum)
-Large intestine(colon, rectum and anus)

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13
Q

Associated organs of the digestive system

A

-Salivary glands
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gall bladder

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14
Q

Purpose of physical digestion

A

Increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion

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15
Q

Function of molars

A

Grinding and chewing food

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16
Q

Function of pre-molars

A

Tearing and grinding food

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17
Q

Function of canines

A

Ripping and tearing food

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18
Q

Function of incisors

A

Biting off food pieces

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19
Q

Purpose of chemical digestion

A

Producing small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

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20
Q

Enzyme for starch

A

Amylase

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21
Q

Enzyme for protein

A

Protease

22
Q

Enzyme for fats and oils

A

Lipase

23
Q

Where amylase is produced

A

-Salivary glands
-Pancreas
-Small intestine

24
Q

Where protease is produced

A

-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Small intestine

25
Q

Where lipase is produced

A

-Pancreas
-Small intestine

26
Q

Where amylase acts

A

-Mouth
-Duodenum

27
Q

Where protease acts

A

-Stomach(pepsin)
-Duodenum(trypsin)

28
Q

Where lipase acts

A

Duodenum

29
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice

A

-Kills harmful microorganisms in food
-Provides an acidic pH for optimum enzyme activity

30
Q

Function of bile

A

-Neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action(bile is alkaline)
-Emulsifies fats and oils to increase the surface area for chemical digestion

31
Q

Process of digestion of starch in the digestive system

A

-Amylase breaks down starch to maltose
-Maltase breaks down maltose to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining in the small intestine

32
Q

Process of digestion of proteins in the digestive system

A

-Pepsin breaks down protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach
-Trypsin breaks down protein in the alkaline conditions of the small intestine

33
Q

Where bile is made

A

Liver

34
Q

Where bile is stored

A

Gall bladder

35
Q

Region where nutrients are absorbed

A

Small intestine

36
Q

Most water is absorbed in the small intestine, but some is also absorbed in the…

A

colon(of the large intestine)

37
Q

Function of lacteal

A

Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol

38
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Absorbs glucose and amino acids by diffusion

39
Q

Features of epithelial lining

A

-One cell thick(to increase diffusion rate)
-Microvilli(to increase surface area even further)

40
Q

Where gastric juice is produced

A

Stomach

41
Q

Function of enamel

A

Covers the tooth and protects the tissue inside(very hard)

42
Q

Features of dentine

A

-Found underneath the enamel
-Less hard than enamel

43
Q

Features of pulp

A

Made of soft tissue which contains blood vessels and nerves

44
Q

Features of cement

A

Covers the root of the tooth and stabilises it

45
Q

Function of stomach

A

-Contains pepsin which breaks down proteins(in chemical digestion)
-Churns food to break it up more(in physical digestion)

46
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

Allows food to pass from the mouth to the stomach(by peristalsis)

47
Q

What happens at the duodenum

A

-Acidity(from the stomach) is neutralised
-Protease, lipase and amylase enzymes are secreted to break down molecules

48
Q

What happens at the ileum

A

Products of digestion are absorbed into the blood

49
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juices(which contain amylase, protease and lipase enzymes) into the small intestine

50
Q

Function of liver

A

Produces bile

51
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Stores bile

52
Q

What happens at the large intestine

A

Remaining salts and water are absorbed(most are absorbed in the small intestine)

IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION (40 decks)

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