Human origin 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Out of Africa
A
- Theory used to explain the migration of early humans
- AHM evolved in Africa first
- They left 100-200 KYA
- They “replaced” regional descendants of H.erectus who migrated out of Africa before them.
- Global populations should be more closely related if correct
2
Q
Multi-regional
A
- Homo-erectus left Africa first and colonised continents
- AMH evolved outside out of Africa in multiple different regions
- Evidence is a fossil of a recent homid ancestor showing that the last common ancestor was still in Africa 1.5 MYA
- Global populations should be more distantly related
- Interbreeding between populations caused similarities
3
Q
What does AMH mean?
A
Antomically Modern Human
4
Q
Mitochondrain DNA
A
- Can be used for evidence as it is slow to change
- Results indicate origins of AMH in Africa
- Time of Genetic diveregence at 200 KYA
- Humans left africa 160KYA
- Leans toward Out-of-Africa theory
5
Q
Y chromosomes
A
- Can be used as it doesn’t have many mutations
- Study showed that divergence from one male ancestory at 60 KYA
6
Q
Neanderthal evidence
A
- Spilt from African “homo” migrants, but became extinct 30 KYA
- Missing link between H.sapiens and H. erectus
- Coexisted with AMH for at least 1000 years
- Favours out of africa theory
7
Q
Leaky Replacement theory
A
- Theory linking OOA and M theories together
- Assimilation may have took place rather than replacing H. erectus
- Archaic people contributed 10% living genes
- 1.4% similarity with Eurpoeans and Asians
- But not africans….
- New species Denisons discovered and dated to 30 KYA, spilt from NEanderthal 200 KYA.
- AMH left africa and bred with Neanderthals to evolve into Asians and Europeans
- Subset of AMH went east and interbred with Denisovans to create Melanesians
8
Q
When did Leaky replacement theory happen?
A
- 100 KYA
9
Q
Up to 25% of Modern africans can…..
A
…..be traced to Into-Africa migrations
10
Q
What distinguishes us from apes?
A
- Bipedalism
- Large brain
- Bisexual social groups
- Advanced Language
- Complex learning
- Social and cultural development
11
Q
Tool use
A
- Orangutans use sticks to get insects out of their nests
- Chimps use rocks to smash open food and put leaves on their foot to walk over thorns
12
Q
Why language?
A
- hunting theories
- Motherese
- Tool-making
13
Q
How did language develop?
A
- Started with manual gestures which moved to vocal because of association or conflict with tool use
- Manual gestures are no use at night and require direct line of sight. So language must have started vocally
14
Q
Kebara 2
A
- 60KYA male Neanderthal skeleton
- The hyoid bone suggested capacity for sppech
15
Q
Agriculture
A
- Start of the Holocene, (11KYA), cultivation started with cereal grains
- Moving away from hunter-gather, now lives in social groups and establish cropd
- Development of agricultural centres
- Domistication of livestock as food sources around 9KYA
