Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Systems > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you gain and lose water?

A

water ingested- food and water, water formed in the metabolism
l- urine, feces excretion, evaporation, sweat and expired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In water balance what is the only water control that is under homeostasis control?

A

Urinary secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What part of the renal filters plasma?

A

The glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Ions, small organic molecules are reabsorbed
Secretion of H+ (acid-base balance)
Active transport; facilitated diffusion
Relatively little control over what is reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What opposes the capillary hydrostatic blood pressure?

A

plasma protein oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the hoop of henle important for?

A

concentration of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The length of the henle hoop corrolates to what?

A

concentration of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

A

reabsorption of Na, cl and ca
secretion of H, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what hormones control the activity of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic hormone
ADH (in most distal parts)
Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the collecting ducts responsible for?

A

Water reabsorption, under the influence of ADH
ADH  membrane channels for water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 compounds responsible for the regulation of water?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
also: called ANF, ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What increases ADH secretion?

A

ECF volume (low pressure receptors in atria and great veins)
ECF osmolarity (Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus)
ADH also causes constriction of blood vessels (vaso-press-in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What control are electrolytes subject too?

A

homeostatic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

Promotes reabsorption of Na+ (and water) in DCT; exchange for K+, H+
Angiotensin is a potent vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What affect does Atrial Natriuretic Hormone have on Na+

A

increases excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormone is K+ regulated by?

A

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are disorders associated with ADH secretion?

A

Hypo-secretion:
Diabetes insipidus
Large volumes of insipid (tasteless) urine (cf. diabetes mellitus)
Hyper-secretion:
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH  water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the effects of K+ on nerve function?

A

Increasing ECF [K+]  depolarisation
Depolarisation causes axons to fire AP
But the MP does not return to ‘resting’ levels
Result is that axon remains in an extended ‘refractory period’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe what happens to blood during shock

A

The decreased blood volume results in a fall in blood pressure and impaired delivery of nutrients to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are four reactions to blood loss?

A

Immediate:
Stop the bleeding
Short term:
Restore blood pressure
Medium term:
Restore fluid volume
Long term:
Replace blood constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe immediate blood loss

A

Stopping blood loss (haemostasis)
Several components involved:
Vascular response
Platelet response
Plasma response (Coagulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In blood loss what is the vascular response in regards to smooth muscle?

A

Spasm due to trauma
Myogenic response
Humoral factors (vasoconstrictors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in blood loss what is the vascular response in regards to epithelium?

A

Platelet adhesion and aggregation
Anticlotting and fibrinolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the platelet response to blood loss?

A

Damage to blood vessel  turbulent blood flow  platelets come into contact with vessel wall (collagen)
Platelets adhere; clump together (aggregate)
Release chemicals that cause further aggregation (Positive feedback)
Formation of platelet plug
Effective in sealing small blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a platelet plug do?

A

effective in sealing small blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Various plasma proteins and tissue components combine to convert fibrinogen  fibrin to form the blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are most clotting factors produced?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is required for the synthesis of clotting factors

A

vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Names some clotting factors?

A

. Fibrinogen
II. Prothrombin
III. Tissue factor (‘thromboplastin’)
IV. Calcium ions
V. Proaccelerin
VI. Antivampire factor- same as 4 no 6
VII. Proconvertin

31
Q

Describe the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway?

A

usually serves to maintain the process once it has started
Vascular damage,
Contact activation
involving Factors:
XII, XI, IX, VIII
Phospholipid
Calcium ions

32
Q

describe the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway.

A

usually important for initiating clotting after injury
Tissue damage,
Tissue factors (‘tissue thromboplastin’)
Factor VII,
Phospholipid
Calcium ions

33
Q

What pathway plays an important tole in thrombosis

A

Intrinsic pathway

34
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

When a blood clot has served it’s purpose it is dissolved, this is undertaken by the enzyme plasmin

35
Q

when blood pressure falls what triggers a response? (short term)

A

Baroreceptors

36
Q

What are baroreceptors mediated by? (short term)

A

Sympathetic nerves
Hormones:
Adrenaline
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin (ADH)

37
Q

How does a medium-level response restore blood pressure level?

A

Shifting interstitial fluid back into blood vessels
Decreasing fluid loss in kidney
Increasing fluid intake

38
Q

Through the baroreceptor reflexes what does the decrease in arterial blood pressure cause?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles
Increased Total Peripheral Resistance
Decreased capillary blood pressure
This decreases the hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out of the capillary
More fluid is drawn back into the capillaries by the oncotic pressure

39
Q

describe a decreased fluid loss in kidneys?

A

decreased Glomerular filtration
increased reabsorption of Na+ and H2O by stimulating release of :
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Both of these are vasoconstrictors

40
Q

What is important in the control of thirst?

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

Describe long term response to blood pressure?

A

Restore plasma proteins
Released from liver (3-4 days)
Replace blood cells, esp. RBCs
Erythropoiesis
Regulated by erythropoeitin (EPO)
EPO released from kidney
Stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
Return to normal in 2-3 months

42
Q

What are three types of shock?

A

Hypovolaemic shock
 ECF volume, due to haemorrhage, sweating, diarrhoea, burns, etc
Low resistance (or distributive) shock
 peripheral resistance, due to widespread vasodilation, e.g. anaphylactic shock
Cardiogenic shock
heart fails as a pump

43
Q

What is shock characterised as?

A

Shock is characterised by inadequate blood flow to tissues
This is often associated with
decreased cardiac output
decreased blood or ECF volume

44
Q

Give 3 definitions of stress?

A

To emphasise certain words in speech
A force applied to a body causing deformation or strain
emotional or mental pressure

45
Q

what can induce stress?

A

Physical
Injury, surgery
Infection, shock
Pain
Exposure to cold
Sustained exercise
Threats
Imprisonment, torture
Exams

46
Q

What does the effects of stress depend on?

A

duration and severity of the stressor
the effectiveness of any responses

47
Q

What are the stages/reactions in stress?

A

Alarm reaction
fight, flight, fright response
Physiological effects
Resistance phase
Adapting to stressor
Exhaustion phase
Severe, persistent stress
Responses futile; systems fail
Pathological effects

48
Q

What are the neuronal and hormonal responses to the alarm reaction in stress?

A

Neural: Sympathetic nervous system
Hormonal: adrenal glands:
Adrenaline (adrenal medulla)
Corticosteroids (adrenal cortex]

49
Q

In the alarm reaction describe the neural component of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increased cardiac output increase HR, decrease ventricular contractility
Redistribution of cardiac output
increased flow to muscle; decreased flow to gut, kidney
Metabolic
Glycogen breakdown -> glucose release
Mobilisation of fat stores (release of free fatty acids)
Stimulation of adrenaline release

50
Q

What is adrenaline secreted by?

A

adrenal medulla- part of sympathetic

51
Q

what are glucocorticoids secreted by?

A

adrenal cortex

52
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Main stress hormone- a steriod

53
Q

describe the actions of cortisol

A

Metabolic:
Increased energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats
Increased protein breakdown
Enhances the actions of adrenaline
This is called a ‘permissive effect’
Anti-inflammatory actions
Immunosuppression

54
Q

what are two substances that glucocorticoids inhibit release of?

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

55
Q

what is corticoid therapy used for?

A

Arthritis
Long-term corticosteroid therapy can disrupt the normal control mechanisms
The drug will suppress CRH and ACTH release, and the natural stress response is suppressed

56
Q

What is stress analgesia?

A

pain is diminished due to physical stress. Due to release of endogenous opioid peptides, endorphins, enkephalins in the CNS

57
Q

What happens to the individual if the stressors continue to be present?

A

Either they ‘cope’ (Adaptation phase)
Or they don’t (Exhaustion phase)

58
Q

Describe the adaptation phase of stress

A

With persistent exposure to the stressor(s), an individual’s stress response diminishes
The individual has ‘adapted’
The stressor is no longer a ‘threat’
The individual has become ‘resistant’ to the stressors
This generally happens if the individual’s responses are effective in removing the stressor

59
Q

What happens when patients fail to adapt to stress?

A

Its effects persist:
Adrenal failure
Immunosuppression
Peptic ulcers
CVS disease
Death can result in extreme cases

60
Q

Describe Type A and Type B individuals?

A

Type ‘A’ individuals: hard-driving, competitive individuals are more prone to high blood pressure and CHD than:
Type ‘B’ individuals, who tend to be more relaxed and less impatient

61
Q

Give functions of calcium

A

Bone and tooth structure
Mineral store
Action potentials (cardiac muscle)
Membrane excitability
2nd messenger
Muscle: excitation-contraction coupling
Gland secretion
Non-steroid hormone action
Co-factor in metabolic pathways
Blood clotting

62
Q

What is involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

63
Q

How does the parathyroid hormone act to increase plasma calcium?

A

increase resorption of bone (osteoclasts)
increase Ca2+ resorption in kidney (with decrease PO4 resorption)
increase uptake of Ca2+ from the intestines (assisted by Vitamin D)

64
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted?

A

thyroid glands in response to high plasma

65
Q

How does calcitonin aim to lower plasma?

A

increase formation of bone (osteoblasts)
decrease Ca2+ resorption in kidney

66
Q

What hormones are involved in increase bone formation and bone mass?

A

Calcitonin
Growth hormone
IGF-1
Insulin
Oestrogen
Testosterone

67
Q

What hormones are involved in increased bone reabsorption and decreased bone mass?

A

Cortisol
Parathyroid hormone
Thyroid hormones

68
Q

Name three bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes

69
Q

what happens in Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica: areas of demineralisation in skull and leg bones
can cause defective mineralisation of teeth due to low blood calcium levels

70
Q

What occurs/ can occur through a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Failure to synthesis in body:
 Ca uptake from G.I Tract
Undermineralised bone
Bone lacks rigidity
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)

71
Q

does increased and decreased levels of calcitonin have any clinical effects?

A

no, probably not essential enough for plasma role

72
Q

Name two bone diseases that affect bone mass?

A

Osteoporosis:
Decreased bone mass and density
Osteopetrosis
Increased bone mass and density

73
Q

Describe Osteoporosis

A

Reduced bone density
Loss of matrix with 2o loss of mineral
Fractures common
Common in elderly
Affects men and women; but is evident earlier in women (menopause)
Other causes: corticosteroids, nutritional deficiency

74
Q

Describe Osteopetrosis

A

Increased bone density
Reduced blood supply
Prone to fracture and chronic infection
Difficult extractions
Tooth roots indistinct on radiographs
Mandible > maxilla

Human Systems (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions