Humanities 2 Flashcards
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
- Started in the 16th century and ended in the 19th century
- 10-12 million slaves were transported aceoss the atlantic ocean to the Americas
- Slave labor rose sharply in the 17th century
- The largest number of slaves were taken during the 18th century
- European slave trade owners became the forefront of the slave trading,
- They took most of their cargo from Senegal and Nigel
- The middle passage was known for its abuse of slaves
- 15 to 25 percent of the African slaves bound for the Americas died aboard slave ships
- After waiting two decadees the American congresss outlawed slavery in 1861,
- outlawed in the western world in 1888
The Great Migration
General
• Relocation of more the 6 million black people
• From the rural south to the north, west and Midwest
• 1916-1970
Causes
• Caused by harsh segregation laws and awful economic oppurtunities
• Wages in the north were triple of that in the south for blacks
• White supremacy was restored after the civil war and the reconstruction era in the 1870s
• Harlem in New York City, a formerly all-white neighborhood that by the 1920s housed some 200,000 African Americans.
• Harlem Renaissance
• began a new era of increasing political activism among African Americans who were disenfranchised in the south
• in 1900, nine out of every 10 black Americans lived in the South, and three out of every four lived on farms,
• by 1970 the South was home to less than half of the country’s African-Americans, with only 25 percent living in the region’s rural areas.
Europeans Arrive in South Africa
- The Dutch were the first European trading power to set up a permanent settlement in South Africa.
- Cape town was built in 1652
- The idea was that Dutch ships could get fresh supplies and treat sick crew
- A group of servants who had worked out their contracts settled down as farmers there
- They provided fresh produce
- The spread out and encountered khoi herders and won encounters with advanced weapons (guns)
- Khoi people found themselves displaced more and more
- Some decided they would work for the dutch
- Technically they were free laborer’s but it was quite similar to slavery
- The expansion and subjection of the khoi was one of the seeds that would lead to a history of dispossession of the established population of South Africa
Roman Empire
- Began in 8th century bc
- encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
- Spread the use of romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian)
- Created the modern western alphabet And calendar
- The emergence of christianity as a world religion
- Lasted 450 years
- Power was controlled by two annual elected magistrates called consuls
- Elected by the people
- Most of them were draw by the senate
- Plebians were the common people
- Power was a struggle betwen patricians and plebians
- The first roman law code issued civil rights and property rights in 450 bc the twelve tablets
- 264 BC rome gained control over the entire italian peninsula camillus
- Then fought the punic wars with carthage (powerful city in north africa
- Took control of sicly western mediterrean and much of spain
- Benefited from contact with greece and took on their art, religion and philosy
- The first Roman literature appeared around 240 B.C., with translations of Greek classics into Latin
- The gap between rich and poor widened
- Accesss to government became limited to only the most privelged
- Ushered in the pax romana: two centuries of peace and prosperity
- allowed Roman literature, art, architecture and religion to flourish
- Conducted social reforms
- Ruled for 56 years and was elevated to god status after his death
- Period of civil war
- Outside invasions were a constant threat
- Continuing aggresion from the germans, parthians and goths
- The reign of Diocletian (284-305) temporarily restored peace and prosperity in Rome but at a high cost
- Constantine became the next emperor
- Made christianity the official religion
- 30 years after his death the west and east empires divided
- Rome lost Britain around 410
- Spain and northern Africa by 430.
- In September 476, a Germanic prince named Odovacar won control of the Roman army in Italy.
- After deposing the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, Odovacar’s troops proclaimed him king of Italy, ending rome
United Nations
- Like a world parliament
- Over 193 countries
- Created to fight international conflict and negotiating peace
- Replacement for the old League of Nations.
- Created in 1945 after world war two
- Aim is to prevent another world conflict such as a world war
- the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union began formulating the original U.N. Declaration
- signed by 26 nations in January 1942
- act of opposition to Germany, Italy, and Japan, the Axis Powers.
- The principles of the U.N. Charter were first formulated at the San Francisco Conference, which convened on April 25, 1945.
- It was presided over by President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin,
- respecting the principles of equal rights
- self-determination of all peoples (originally directed at smaller nations now vulnerable to being swallowed up by the Communist behemoths emerging from the war)
- international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems around the world.
- the new U.N. Security Council, made up of the United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China.
- to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,…to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,…to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.”
Toussaint Louvuture
- Dubbed the black George Washington, and wanted liberty for all.
- A black man who was able to escape slavery.
- Owned his
- He used to fight for the Spanish but then he switched to the side of France, thinking that they would free all the slaves.
- Toussaint was very intelligent organized and articulate
- managed to create an army out of the free blacks that remained after the giant slave revolt that killed thousands of people (the one that occurred two weeks after the voodoo ceremony).
- With this army, he was able to defeat three empires: the French, the Spanish and British. After this he named himself governor for life in 1801
- and wrote his own constitution for the island, declaring that no one would be discriminated against for their skin color
- he did not declare independence from France, which is why they went down to Saint Domingue in 1802 to arrest him.
- He surrendered peacefully, and at first was allowed to keep his military rank and honors, but then they were taken away when he was charged with conspiracy.
- He died on April 7th in 1803, in a freezing prison cell in the mountains of Fort-de-Joux.
Martin Luther King Jr
- he grew up in the city’s Sweet Auburn neighborhood, then home to some of the most prominent and prosperous African Americans in the country
- he changed his mind under the mentorship of Morehouse’s president, Dr. Benjamin Mays, an influential theologian and outspoken advocate for racial equality.
- The King family had been living in Montgomery for less than a year when the highly segregated city became the epicenter of the burgeoning struggle for civil rights in America, galvanized by the landmark Brown v. Board of Educationdecision of 1954.
- On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery bus and was arrested. Activists coordinated a bus boycott that would continue for 381 days, placing a severe economic strain on the public transit system and downtown business owners. They chose Martin Luther King, Jr. as the protest’s leader and official spokesman.
- By the time the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956, King—heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin—had entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance.
- Emboldened by the boycott’s success, in 1957 he and other civil rights activists—most of them fellow ministers—founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a group committed to achieving full equality for African Americans through nonviolent protest.
- Their philosophy of nonviolence was put to a particularly severe test during the Birmingham campaign of 1963, in which activists used a boycott, sit-ins and marches to protest segregation, unfair hiring practices and other injustices in one of America’s most racially divided cities.
- Arrested for his involvement on April 12, King penned the civil rights manifesto known as the “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who had criticized his tactics.
- Later that year, Martin Luther King, Jr. worked with a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices African Americans continued to face across the country.
- Held on August 28 and attended by some 200,000 to 300,000 participants, the event is widely regarded as a watershed moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
- In the spring of 1965, King’s elevated profile drew international attention to the violence that erupted between white segregationists and peaceful demonstrators in Selma, Alabama, where the SCLC and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) had organized a voter registration campaign.
- Captured on television, the brutal scene outraged many Americans and inspired supporters from across the country to gather in Alabama and take part in the Selma to Montgomery march led by King and supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who sent in federal troops to keep the peace.
- That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which guaranteed the right to vote—first awarded by the 15th Amendment—to all African Americans
- As more militant black leaders such as Stokely Carmichael rose to prominence, King broadened the scope of his activism to address issues such as the Vietnam War and poverty among Americans of all races.
- In 1967, King and the SCLC embarked on an ambitious program known as the Poor People’s Campaign, which was to include a massive march on the capital.
- On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated while at a sanitation workers strike
Malcolm X
- Malcolm X, theactivist and outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith,
- He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary.
- He changed his name from little to x to show his rejection of his slave name
- Malcolm became an influential leader of the Nation of Islam, which combined Islam with black nationalism and sought to build up young discriminated blacks
- his bestselling book The Autobiography of Malcolm X popularized his ideas, particularly among black youth, and laid the foundation for the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and 1970s.
- After the Ku Klux Klan made threats against his father, the family moved to Lansing, Michigan. There, in the face of similar threats, he continued to urge blacks to take control of their lives.
- When twenty-one, he was sentenced to prison for burglary and there encountered the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam, popularly known as the Black Muslims. Muhammad’s thesis that the white man is the devil with whom blacks cannot live had a strong impact on Malcolm.
- After six years Malcolm was released from prison. Later, he became the minister of Temple No. 7 in Harlem, his indictments of racism and his advocacy of self-defense eliciting admiration, as well as fear, far beyond the New York black community.
- Whites were especially fearful, recoiling from his sustained pronouncements of crimes against his people. While most contrasted him with Martin Luther King, Jr., with whose philosophy they were much more at ease, white college students found ugly truths in his searing rhetoric of condemnation.
- Malcolm’s assertion that President John F. Kennedy’s assassination amounted to “the chickens coming home to roost” led to his suspension from the Black Muslims in December 1963.
- A few months later, he left the organization, traveled to Mecca, and discovered that orthodox Muslims preach equality of the races, which led him to abandon the argument that whites are devils.
- Having returned to America as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, he remained convinced that racism had corroded the spirit of America and that only blacks could free themselves
- Influenced largely by Malcolm, in the summer of 1966 members of SNCC called for black power for black people. Their lack of power was the foundation of Malcolm’s charge that they were denied human rights in America. His clarity on this matter, as America continues its retreat from its commitment to full freedom for his people, has guaranteed for him pride of place among black leaders.
Printing Press
Printing press, machine by which text and images are transferred to paper or other media by means of ink
Movable type and paper first appeared in China
Became mechanized in europe
Johannes Gutenberg,
German craftsman and inventor
originated a method of printing from movable type that was used without important change until the 20th century.
taken from the medival paper press
A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type mounted on a wooden platen. In its essentials,
the wooden press reigned supreme for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on one side.
Metal presses began to appear late in the 18th century, at about which time the advantages of the cylinder were first perceived and the application of steam power was considered.
By the mid-19th century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected a power-driven cylinder press in which a large central cylinder carrying the type successively printed on the paper of four impression cylinders, producing 8,000 sheets an hour in 2,000 revolutions.
A significant innovation of the late 19th century was the offset press, in which the printing (blanket) cylinder runs continuously in one direction while paper is impressed against it by an impression cylinder.
available in color
used for books, newspapers, magazines, business forms, and direct mail—continued to be the most widely used printing method at the start of the 21st century.
Silent Springs + Earth Song
Earth Song:
Written by Michael Jackson,
Message was about the indifference humans show towards a dying planet
can be seen in the lyrics when he asks “what about animals?” and “what about the sea” (referring to extinction of species and the pollution of oceans
Also refers to war with the line “all the children dead from war”
images in the video are forests on fire, people in anguish, starving families etc.
to raise awareness about caring for a planet that is suffering from climate change, deforestation, water pollution and much more.
Silent Springs
Written by Rachel Carson
One of the most important books about enviromental writing
talked about the harmful effects of pesticides on the enviroment
such as DDT, used to control insect populations on farms
book was a public warning
talks about the link between man and nature,
deep ecology” movement regarding the interconnectedness of all living things and systems.
In an interconnected world, she argues, man’s newfound power to change his environment needs to be wielded with extreme caution if we are to avoid destroying the very systems that support us.
Capitalism and Communism
Adam Smith:
How to make a captialist economy more humane and meaningful
hard working
became a academic philospher
one of the greastest thinkers in the histroy of evconmics
wanted to mkake nationsa nd people happier
specialization
he said that economies would be richer is they specializaed their work forces
consumer captilism
manufacturers started making goods for the middle class
how to treat the rich–reaward them for doing good things, like funding schools and hospitals
thought that the rich didnt care about money but instead respect and honor
educate consuers to create better proucts and a more meaningful market
Karl Marx:
Joined of movement in university that wanted to overthrow the goverment and get rid of private property
In 1848, Marx and fellow German thinker Friedrich Engels published “The Communist Manifesto,” which introduced their concept of socialism as a natural result of the conflicts inherent in the capitalist system.
After receiving his degree, Marx began writing for the liberal democratic newspaper Rheinische Zeitung, and he became the paper’s editor in 1842. The Prussian government banned the paper as too radical the following year.
In 1847, the newly founded Communist League in London, England, drafted Marx and Engels to write “The Communist Manifesto,”
It depicted all of history as a series of class struggles, and predicted that the upcoming revolution would sweep aside the capitalist system for good, making the workingmen the new ruling class of the world.
Marx published the first volume of “Capital” (Das Kapital) his masterwork of economic theory. In it he expressed a desire to reveal “the economic law of motion of modern society” and laid out his theory of capitalism as a dynamic system that contained the seeds of its own self-destruction and subsequent triumph of communism.
Silk Road
For example, the Silk Road Ensemble does this blend by performing with
instruments during the Silk Road network. This was a ancient route of trade networks that were for centuries created cultural interaction from various
regions in Eurasia, such as the Korean peninsula, Japan and to the Mediterranean Sea. The Silk Road got its name from the trading of silk, beginning
during the Han Dynasty in 207 BCE. The regions along the Silk Road were China, Korea, Japan, the Indian subcontinent, Persia, Europe, the Horn of
Africa and Arabia. Some of the instruments found in the Silk Road journey are: the Pipa, a Chinese short-necked plucked lute; a duduk, an Armenian
double reed woodwind; and a Shakuhachi, a Japanese bamboo flute.
Cold War
• Called the cold war because it never heated up to actual armed conflict
• The US and Russia fought together in WWII
• The US is weary of communism in Russia and thinks Russia wants to take over the world
• The US was weary of Joseph Stalin and how he ruled the country
• The Russians did no like america’s refulsa to treat the USSR as a legitimate part of the international community
• Delayed entry into world war two
• Tens of millions of Russians dead
• After the second world war ended most American official agreed that the best defnse
• Geo political tension between the western block and eastern blocn
• Conflicting ideologies (communism, capitalism)
• Post world war two
• Several proxy wars
• Establishment of supranational allliances, such as nato
• stalin wanted germany to be a divided country while the us wanted germany to be united
stalin didn want to give free elections to eastern european countries under control oft he soviet union
effects: truman doctrine would help countries who are struggling under soviet control
helped greece and trukey fight against communism with moeny from us
staelltie states and soviet union form warsaw pact
Creation of nasa and the space race
Civil Right Movment
Jim Crow Laws
Used to restrict black people
placed during the reconstruction era in the late 19th centry
segregation laws, black could not sue the same fountains as whites, had to go to different schools and more
the 14th and 15 amendment gave blacks the right to vote and protection under the law
some states passed laws that limited voting rights for blacks
black people entered the military and fought for america, but were scorned upon return
ironic
After thousands of blacks threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. It opened national defense jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.
little rock nine- nine studrtns from little rock arkansas were but into awhite schoolm, they wer faced with violence and had to escorted with fedrral troops
was a formertly segregated school
civil rights act of 1957
On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.
due tyo tests given that were made to impopsibly pass
fair housing act 1968
It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.
The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protestors of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.
march on washington
where the i have a dream speech was made
more then 200,000 people atteneded
ain purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone.
voting rights act of 1965
The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.
It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.
Renaissance
early 13 and 14th century
turning to the ideas of rmoan culutee
petrach and giovanni looked back to ancinet greence and rome to revive the languages languages and traditons
Though the Catholic Church remained a major patron of the arts during the Renaissance–from popes and other prelates to convents, monasteries and other religious organizations–works of art were increasingly commissioned by civil government, courts and wealthy individuals. Much of the art produced during the early Renaissance was commissioned by the wealthy merchant families of Florence, most notably the Medici.
Many works of Renaissance art depicted religious images, including subjects such as the Virgin Mary, or Madonna, and were encountered by contemporary audiences of the period in the context of religious rituals. Today, they are viewed as great works of art, but at the time they were seen and used mostly as devotional objects. Many Renaissance works were painted as altarpieces for incorporation into rituals associated with Catholic Mass and donated by patrons who sponsored the Mass itself.
