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Science > Humans As Organisms > Flashcards

Humans As Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Fuel for your body. Active and growing children need these
Examples : bread , potatoes and cereal

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2
Q

Proteins

A

Vital for growth , to repair damaged areas

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3
Q

Lipids ( fats and oils )

A

Act as a store of energy , which you can use if your body runs out of carbohydrates.
E.g butter , cooking oil and cream

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4
Q

Vitamins

A

Only needed in very small amounts , keep many vital processes happening

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5
Q

Fibre

A

Helps food move through your digestive system
E.g Vegs , fruit and cereals

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6
Q

Water

A

About 75% of your body is water and all chemical reactions ( digestion ) take place in water

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7
Q

Minerals

A

Found in : Meat , milk and salt
Examples : Iron calcium and sodium
Need : blood , teeth/bones and nerves

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8
Q

Mouth

A

Where digestion starts , teeth chew and mix the food with the saliva

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9
Q

Saliva

A

Contains an enzyme ( called amylase ) that breaks down carbohydrates

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10
Q

Oesophagus

A

Links the mouth to the stomach ( food pipe )

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11
Q

Stomach

A

Where the food mixes with protease enzymes which digest proteins , contains muscular tissue to move the stomach wall and churn up food.

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12
Q

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

To kill harmful bacteria and give a low pH for the enzymes to work

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13
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile , which breaks fats into tiny droplets .

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14
Q

Why is the liver alkaline?

A

To give the right pH for the enzymes in the small intestine

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15
Q

Emulsification

A

When liver makes bile , which breaks fats into tiny droplets

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16
Q

Pancreas

A

Contains glandular tissue , which MAKES three enzymes
1. Protease digests protein
2. Carbohydrase digests carbohydrates
3. Lipase digests lipids ( fats )

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17
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces more enzymes to further digest proteins , carbohydrates and fats
Food absorbed through gut wall into blood , which then take it around the body to wherever it’s needed

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18
Q

Large intestine

A

Water is absorbed

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19
Q

Rectum

A

The undigested food is stored as faeces

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20
Q

2 steps to digestion

A

Breaking down the food mechanically - chewing with teeth
Breaking down the food chemically - with the help of proteins called enzymes

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21
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts - this means they speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body

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22
Q

Villi are perfect for absorbing food because :

A

They have a thin outer layer of cells
They have a good blood supply
They provide a large surface area for absorption

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23
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular organisms

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24
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food

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25
Q

8 bits of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Liver
  5. Pancreas
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Rectum
26
Q

4 things natural bacteria can do in your gut

A
  1. Produce enzymes that help to digest food
  2. Produce useful hormones
  3. Make useful vitamins e.g vitamin K
  4. Reduce the possibility of harmful bacteria growing in your intestines and make you ill
27
Q

Bronchitis

A

A disease that inflames the lining of the bronchi

28
Q

Emphysema

A

A disease that destroys the air sacs in the lungs

29
Q

Carcinogens

A

Substances that can cause cancer

30
Q

4 things cigarette smoke contains

A
  1. Carbon monoxide
  2. Nicotine
  3. Tar
  4. Particulates
31
Q

Why is tar bad for you?

A

Can cause cancer
Makes you cough
Leads to bronchitis and emphysema

32
Q

Sperm

A

Male sex cells

33
Q

Semen

A

Ejaculated from the penis during sexual intercourse

34
Q

Egg

A

Female sex cell

35
Q

Daily BER ( kj/ day )

A

5.4 times 24 hours times body mass

36
Q

Order of fertilisation and development

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. Copulation
  3. Fertilisation
  4. Cell division
  5. Implantation
37
Q

Ovulation

A

An egg is released from an ovary

38
Q

Copulation

A

Millions of sperm are released from the penis into the vagina during intercourse

39
Q

Fertilisation

A

The egg is fertilised when the nuclei of the egg and sperm join

40
Q

Fertilised egg

A

Zygote

41
Q

Cell division

A
  1. Hours after fertilisation the egg divides into 2. After about 4 days the egg has divided into 32 cells. Now called an embryo
42
Q

Implantation

A

About one week after fertilisation the embryo starts to embed itself into the wall of the uterus and placenta starts to develop

43
Q

1 month

A

Embryo is 6mm long and has eyes ears brain heart and legs

44
Q

9 weeks

A

Body 25mm long and is completely formed . Now called a foetus

45
Q

3 months

A

Foetus is 54mm long and looks much more like a baby

46
Q

5 months

A

160mm long. Kicks and finger nails can be felt.

47
Q

7 months

A

Foetus is 370mm long and is viable

48
Q

Viable

A

Have a fair chance of surging if it were born at this stage

49
Q

39 weeks

A

520mm long. Full developed and ready to be born

50
Q

Good health

A

Healthy body
Healthy mental state

51
Q

Drug

A

Anything that affects the way the body works

52
Q

Legal drugs

A

Aspirin , caffeine and antibiotics

53
Q

Illegal drugs

A

Cannabis , speed and ecstasy

54
Q

Recreational drugs

A

Enjoyment

55
Q

Ecstasy and LSD

A

Hallucinogens

56
Q

Heroin and Morphine

A

Developed as painkillers

57
Q

Amphetamine and Methedrine

A

Stimulants

58
Q

Barbiturates

A

Depressants , slow down nervous system and reaction time

59
Q

Force in moment

A

Force = Moment divided by perpendicular distance

60
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Bleeding starts lining of the uterus breaks down passes out the vagina
Lining of uterus builds up again thickens into a spongy layer ready for implantation
Egg released from ovaries
Wall remains thick waiting for the arrival of a fertilised egg . Doesn’t happen lining breaks down passing out the vagina

61
Q

Lungs adapted for gas exchange

A

Moist
Good blood supply
Alveoli gives lungs large surface area

Science (16 decks)

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