hypertension Flashcards
what is hypertension
Persistent elevation of BP in the systemic arterial circulation to a level higher than expected for the age, sex, and race of the individual
what is primary hypertension
hypertension without identifiable cuase (90% of patients)
what are the risk factors for hypertension
- ↑ age (main driver)
- Smoking
- Genetics/family history
- Obesity, OSA
- ↑ alcohol intake
- ↑ salt intake
what is secondary hypertension
caused by identifiable singular cause, removal leads to normalisation of BP
what are the causes of secondary hypertension
- Renal disease (most commonly)
- Endocrine (adrenal gland hyperfunction/tumours, aldosteronism, Cushing’s, pheochromocytoma)
- Coarction of the aorta
- Drugs e.g. corticosteroids
- Pregnancy
what is benign hypertension
- table elevation of BP over many years
- Asymptomatic, incidental finding often in health checks
what are the consequences of benign hypertension
- LV hypertrophy
- congestive cardiac failure
- atheromas
- thickening of tunica media
- renal disease
what is malignant hypertension
Acute, severe elevation of, diastolic >140 mmHg
- Can develop from benign primary or secondary hypertension, or arise de novo
what are the consequences of malignant hypertension
- cerebral oedema
- acute renal and heart failure
- haemorrhage
what is white coat hypertension
Hypertension that only exists when BP is measured during medical consultations
Discrepancy of >20/10 mmHg between clinic and average daytime ABPM
what is stage 1 hypertension
Clinic BP is 140/90 mmHg or higher and
ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 135/85 mmHg or higher
what is stage 2 hypertension
Clinic BP is 160/100 mmHg or higher and
ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 150/95 mmHg
what is severe hypertension
Clinic systolic BP 180/110mmHg or higher
what is the consequences of severe hypertension
end organ damage
what are the symptoms of hypertension
- Primary hypertension: asymptomatic - incidental finding
- Secondary hypertension: mialignant hypertension will present acutely; symptoms include headache, blurred vision, N+V, chest pain and altered mental status
