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From Flashcardlet > Hypoxia Part 1 > Flashcards

Hypoxia Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of oxygen to the tissues

A

Hypoxia

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2
Q

Decreased arterial oxygen

A

Hypoxemia

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3
Q

What can cause hypoxia?

A
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Anemia
  • Decreased arterial supply to part of body
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
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4
Q

Do hypoxic patients urinate well?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the organs that are sensitive to hypoxia?

A
  • Brain
  • Heart
  • Kidneys
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6
Q

Which organ is the most affected by hypoxia?

A

The brain

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7
Q

How long can a person be hypoxic before they have irreversible damage to their brain?

A

4-6 min

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8
Q

How long can a person be hypoxic before they have irreversible damage to their heart?

A

10-12 min

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9
Q

How long can a person be hypoxic before they have irreversible damage to their kidneys?

A

20-30 min

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10
Q

What percent of oxygen is in room air?

A

21%

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11
Q

What are the seven factors that are necessary for adequate oxygen supply?

A
  • adequate oxygen in the environment
  • patent airway
  • normal functioning chest wall and diaphragm
  • adequate alveoli and capillaries
  • adequate hemoglobin
  • effective heart and circulatory system
  • functioning respiratory center
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12
Q

What are the manifestations of hypoxia?

A
  • CNS changes
  • Pain
  • Ulcerations
  • Tachycardia
  • Cyanosis
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13
Q

What are the 3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Asthma
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14
Q

Overtime what can COPD cause?

A

Physical and Physiologic manifestions

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15
Q

What are some physical manifestations of COPD?

A
  • Barrel chest
  • Clubbing
  • Pursed lip breathing
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16
Q

How does pursed lip breathing help?

A

It opens the alveoli because it causes resistance

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17
Q

What can chronic hypoxia cause with RBCs and CO2?

A

It causes polycythemia and hypercapnia

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18
Q

What are the main characteristics of COPD?

A

Bronchospasm and Dyspnea

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19
Q

Is tissue damage reversible with COPD?

A

No and it increases in severity leading to respiratory failure

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20
Q

What disease had the major changes of loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of the lung?

A

Emphysema

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21
Q

What is caused by loss of elastic recoil in the alveolar walls, overstretching and enlargement of the alveoli, and collapse of small airways with emphysema?

A

Air trapping

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22
Q

Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by chronic exposure to irritants, especially tobacco smoke

A

Chronic Bronchitis

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23
Q

Does chronic bronchitis affect the alveoli?

A

No it just affects the airways

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24
Q

What does chronic bronchitis produce?

A

Large amounts of thick mucus

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25
Q

What are the manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Vasodilation
  • Congestion
  • Mucosal edema
  • Bronchospasm
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26
Q

What are the risk factors for COPD?

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency
  • Air pollution
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27
Q

What are the complications of COPD?

A
  • Hypoxemia
  • Acidosis
  • Respiratory infections
  • Cardiac failure
  • Dysrhythmias
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28
Q

How do you calculate pack years?

A

Packs a day X number of years smoking

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29
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Rt sided heart failure related to respiratory issues

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30
Q

What labs do you monitor for a person with COPD?

A
  • ABG
  • CBC
  • Hgb and Hct
  • Electrolytes
  • AAT levels
  • Sputum samples
  • Pulmonary function tests
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31
Q

What do you look for on a chest x-ray with patients who have COPD?

A

A flat diaphragm

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32
Q

What are the nonsurgical ways to manage COPD?

A
  • Cough enhancement
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Drugs
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Hydration
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33
Q

What is the normal O2 sats with a patient that has chronic lung disease?

A

> 88

34
Q

How much hydration should a person with COPD get?

A

2-3 L/day

35
Q

What drug therapy do we use to treat COPD?

A
  • Beta adrenergic blockers
  • Anticholinergics
  • Methylxanthines
  • Corticosteroids
  • NSAIDS
  • Mucolytics
36
Q

What are the breathing techniques used to help patients with COPD?

A

Pursed lip and breathing with the diaphragm

37
Q

What is the main position that helps to alleviate dyspnea in COPD patients?

A

Tripod position (leaning forward)

38
Q

What are some ways to help with ineffective airway clearance?

A
  • Controlled coughing
  • Chest therapy with postural drainage
  • Suctioning
  • Positioning
  • Hydration
39
Q

What device creates a vibration that travels down the lungs to break up secretions?

A

Flutter-valve mucus clearance device

40
Q

What foods should a patient with COPD avoid to prevent excessive pressure in the chest?

A

Gassy foods and milk

41
Q

What is it important for patients with COPD to understand about anxiety?

A

It will worsen symptoms

42
Q

What is a common way to help reduce anxiety in patients with COPD?

A

Put a fan blowing towards their face so they feel like they are getting more air

43
Q

Who is greater risk for developing pneumonia?

A

Older patients

44
Q

What are the interventions to reduce the risk for respiratory infections in patients with COPD?

A
  • Avoid large crowds
  • Pneumonia vaccine
  • Flu vaccine
45
Q

What are the pO2 and pCO2 values with type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • pO2 (<50)

- pCO2 (normal or <35)

46
Q

What are the pO2 and pCO2 values with type 2 respiratory failure?

A
  • pO2 (<50)

- pCO2 (>45)

47
Q

What happens to vital signs with hypoxia?

A

Increased

48
Q

If the patient had local hypoxia what is a clinical manifestation you might see?

A

Decreased function or sensation in the area

49
Q

When is the best time to do a sputum specimen?

A

In the morning

50
Q

What are the breath sounds with a pleural effusion?

A

Absent or decreased

51
Q

What are the percussion sounds with a pleural effusion?

A

Dull

52
Q

What are the breath sounds with pneumonia?

A

Crackles

53
Q

What are the percussion sounds with pneumonia?

A

Dull

54
Q

What are the breath sounds with a pneumothorax?

A

Absent

55
Q

What are the percussion sounds with a pneumothorax?

A

Tympanic

56
Q

What are the breath sounds with COPD?

A

Diminished

57
Q

What are the percussion sounds with COPD?

A

Hyperresonant

58
Q

What is the most important risk factor for lung disease?

A

Smoking

59
Q

What are the acute effects of smoking?

A
  • Decreased taste and smell
  • Cough
  • Secretions
  • Decreased infection resistance
60
Q

What are the chronic effects of smoking?

A
  • Cancer
  • Cough
  • Asthma
  • COPD
61
Q

What are the 5 A’s of smoking intervention?

A
  • Ask
  • Advise
  • Assess
  • Assist
  • Arrange
62
Q

What are the measures to increase oxygenation?

A
  • Suctioning
  • Positioning
  • Cough effectively
  • Fluids
  • Ambulation
  • Thoracentesis
63
Q

What is aspiration of pleural fluid or air from the pleural space?

A

Thoracentesis

64
Q

What do you assess for after a thoracentesis?

A

Bleeding and a pneumothorax

65
Q

How much oxygen does a simple mask provide?

A

25-35%

66
Q

How much oxygen does a partial rebreather mask provide?

A

60-80%

67
Q

How much oxygen does a non-rebreather mask provide?

A

90%

68
Q

What do you call any incision in the chest wall?

A

Thoracotomy

69
Q

What do you need to know before performing a thoracic surgery?

A

The patient’s baseline respiratory status

70
Q

Why do we perform lung biopsies?

A

To obtain tissue for histologic analysis, culture, or cytologic examination

71
Q

How often do you assess VS and breath sounds after a lung biopsy?

A

At least every 4 hours for 24 hours

72
Q

Remove an entire lung

A

Pneumonectomy

73
Q

Remove a lobe of a lung

A

Lobectomy

74
Q

Remove a segment of a lobe of the lung

A

Segmental resection

75
Q

Remove a wedge of a segment of one of the lobes of the lung

A

Wedge resection

76
Q

What happens to the pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries after a pneumonectomy?

A

Increased

77
Q

Can you use chest tubes with a pneumonectomy?

A

NO

78
Q

How do you position the patient after a pneumonectomy?

A

On the involved side or their back for the first few days

78
Q

With type 1 respiratory failure what kind of oxygen do you use?

A

High flow oxygen

79
Q

With type 2 respiratory failure what kind of oxygen do you use?

A

Low flow oxygen

80
Q

How long can you suction a patient?

A

No longer than 10 seconds

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