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General Microbiology > I. History and Introduction > Flashcards

I. History and Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotic.

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

> consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

A

Archaea

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3
Q
  • have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). Most are multicellular.
  • obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
A

Fungi

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4
Q
  • are unicellular eukaryotes.
  • obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
A

Protozoa

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5
Q
  • are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.
  • produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
A

Algae

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6
Q
  • noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
  • consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat.
A

Viruses

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7
Q
  • flatworms and roundworms, collectively called helminths.
  • The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional microbiological procedures.
A

Multicellular animal parasites

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8
Q
  • flatworms and roundworms, collectively called as
A

Helminths

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9
Q
  • observed that cork was composed of “little boxes”; he introduced the term cell
A

Robert Hooke

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10
Q

Robert Hooke’s observation

A
  • observed that cork was composed of “little boxes”; he introduced the term cell
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11
Q

He had the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the concept that all living things are composed of cells.

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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12
Q
  • Dutch draper, described the “little animals” (animacules) he observed with his crude home-made microscope while examining rain water and watery infusions.
A

1675: Anton van Leeuwoenhoek

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13
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Anthony van Leeuwoenhoek

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14
Q

Antoine van Leeuwoenhoek’s observation

A

he made his own microscopes, observed live microorganisms, and documented his findings with an established scientific organization

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15
Q
  • Without life beginnings/origin
A

Abiogenesis

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15
Q
  • the idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
  • They believed that life arose spontaneously from pre-existing life and so the term “abiogenesis”.
A

Spontaneous generation

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15
Q
  • claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth (1745).
A

John Needham (1745)

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15
Q

o Supported abiogenesis (2)

A

John Needham and Jan Baptist van Helmont

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16
Q
  • Disproved abiogenesis
  • repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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17
Q
  • introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (1858).
A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q
  • Italian scientist, after many smart experiments, disproved the theory of abiogenesis.
  • Demonstrated maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
A

Francesco Redi (1868)

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18
Q

Francesco Redi (1868)’s observations

A
  • Demonstrated maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
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19
Q
  • French chemist ( the father of modern medicine), performed series of brilliant researches and experiments for the wine industry between1860 and1890.
A

Louis Pasteur

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20
Q

What did Pasteur debunk? What did he describe?

A

able to debunk the spontaneous generation hypothesis. He described vaccine and vaccination to protect against microbial activity

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21
Q

What did Pasteur develop?

A

He developed methods of culture and showed that microorganisms cause disease

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22
Q
  • He developed methods of culture and showed that microorganisms cause disease. With other scientists, he formulated the “germ theory of disease”.
A

Louis Pasteur

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23
Q
  • a physicist, to convince others about fallacy of abiogenesis and proof of biogenesis.
  • Attempted to duplicate Pasteur’s experiments with boiled broths in open flasks.
  • He alternately boiled and cooled broths over three-day period to kill endospores.
A

John Tyndall (1820-1883)

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23
Q

fractional sterilization byJohn Tyndall

A

Tyndallization

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24
Q

What was proven to be false: abiogenesis or biogenesis?

A

biogenesis

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25
Q

certain types of microorganisms can cause disease. Before microorganisms were discovered, people associated disease with natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, or exposure to bad air or bad weather.

A

Germ Theory

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26
Q

recorded his belief that disease was caused by tiny entities (spores) that could be passed from person to person. Without a microscope, he had no way to see these spores.

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (1546)

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27
Q
  • urged doctors working in Vienna General Hospital to wash their hands between conducting autopsies and assisting women with childbirth fever.
A

Ignaz Philipp Semelweis (1840)

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28
Q
  • heating process; used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk.
A

Pasteurization

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28
Q
  • showed a causal relationship between microorganisms and disease.
A

Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865)

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29
Q

he discovered the use antiseptic technique to kill bacteria in wound and air with carbolic acid.

A

Joseph Lister in 1867)

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30
Q
  • Professor of surgery in Glasgow, applied Pasteur’s observations to the prevention of wound sepsis.
A

Joseph Lister

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31
Q
  • (father of medical microbiology), a German scientist, discovered that bacteria caused diseases such as tuberculosis, anthrax etc.
A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

32
Q
  • With his assistant, Ehrlich (who worked on dyes), they were able to stain bacteria and viewed them on the microscope.
A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

33
Q
  • Initially he demonstrated that anthrax was caused by _ _
A

Bacillus anthracis

34
Q

Koch’s postulates:

A
  1. The suspect causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. (Koch took samples from hundreds of animals over years of investigation to be certain of his conclusions.)
    1. The specific type of microbe must be isolated from the infected individual and grown in a culture containing no other forms (pure culture).
  3. Upon inoculation into a normal, healthy, susceptible animal, a pure culture of the microbial agent must produce the disease.
  4. The same type of microbe must be recovered again from the experimentally infected host
34
Q

the man who developed the Petri dish

A

Richard J. Petri

35
Q

the woman who developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent.

A

Fanny Hesse

36
Q
  • the man who developed the Gram stain.
A

Hans Christian Gram

37
Q
  • introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis (1910).
  • searched for “magic bullets”, i.e., chemical compounds that could be taken by patients to cure disease (magically seek out and kill microorganisms inside the body without causing damage to the patient).
A

Paul Ehrlich

38
Q

Attenuated microbial culture (vaccines) can be used to prevent disease

A

Immunization

39
Q

Chemicals produced by microorganisms can be used to cure disease

A

magic bullets

40
Q

developed Salvarsan, and arsenic compound used to cure syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich

41
Q
  • demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox.
A

Edward Jenner (1798)

42
Q

How does Edward Jenner developed vaccination of small pox?

A

He used fluid from pustules formed on young women infected with cowpox to prevent small pox and called the procedure vaccination.

43
Q
  • observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture.
A

Alexander Fleming

44
Q

What did Alexander Fleming made?

A

He named the active ingredient penicillin (1928).

45
Q

has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s.

A

Penicillin

46
Q

divided Protista into Eukaryotic (higher) cells and Prokaryotic (lower) cells.

A

Stanier (1957)

47
Q

the study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

47
Q

study of fungi

A
48
Q

study of parasitic protozoa and worms.

A
49
Q

study of all of an organism’s genes, to classify bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

A

genomics

50
Q
  • the study of AIDS, analysis of the action of interferons, and the development of new vaccines are among the current research interests
A

immunology

51
Q

immunity (resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine

A

Vaccination

52
Q
  • discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
A

1880, Pasteur

53
Q

modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens

A

Recombinant DNA techniques

54
Q

is the chemical treatment of a disease. chemotherapeutic agents

A

chemotherapy

55
Q

chemically prepared in the laboratory

A

synthetic drugs

56
Q

substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

A

antibiotics

56
Q
  • has helped advance all areas of microbiology.
A

Recombinant DNA technology

56
Q

degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals.

A

microorganisms

57
Q
  • Processes use bacteria to clean up toxic wastes
A

Bioremediation

58
Q

Using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals

A

Biotechnology

59
Q

bacteria can produce important substances such as proteins, vaccines, and enzymes.

A

recombinant DNA

60
Q

viruses are used to carry replacements for defective or missing genes into human cells.

A

Gene therapy

60
Q

used in agriculture to protect plants from frost and insects and to improve the shelf life of produce.

A

Genetically modified bacteria

60
Q

new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence in the recent past or a potential to increase in the near future.

A

Emerging infectious disease (EID)

61
Q

The science or study of organisms too small to be observed with the naked eye, i.e., not visible without the aid of instruments capable of magnification.

A

Microbiology

62
Q

(microbes) include eukaryotic cell types, and prokaryotic cell types

A

Microorganisms

62
Q

Eukaryotic cell types

A

protozoa
certain fungi
certain algae
the immature forms of multicellular parasites

63
Q

Prokaryotic cell types

A

bacteria
archaea

63
Q

_ were involved in the production of _, _, _, _ and other _ _ prepared by _ _ _

A

Microorganisms
wine, beer, yogurt, cheese and other fermented products
Neolithic human societies.

64
Q

Who demonstrated that living microorganisms were responsible for fermentation?

A

Louis Pasteur

65
Q

People “used” microbes to

A

flavor and preserve foods

66
Q

made his own microscopes, observed live microorganisms, and documented his findings with an established scientific organization (the British Royal Society or Royal Society of London).

A

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

67
Q

Belief in abiogenesis

A

the spontaneous generation of living organisms from non-living materials

67
Q

Scientist who disproved Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Loius Pasteur
John Tyndall

68
Q

Disproved abiogenesis at the macroscopic level by demonstrating flies did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.

A

Francesco Redi

68
Q

Disproved abiogenesis at the microscopic level by sealing samples of boiled broth inside glass containers.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

69
Q
A
69
Q

Where did people associated diseases before the discovery of microorganisms?

A

natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, or exposure to bad air or bad weather

69
Q

Microorganisms do not _ _ from non-living materials. _ give rise to _ _ through _ .

A

do not arise spontaneously
Cells
other cells
biogenesis

69
Q

During the “Golden Years” of microbiology (1857-1914) investigators discovered the bacterial causes of major human diseases including

A

cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, tetanus, tuberculosis and typhoid

69
Q

He washed his hands and instruments, and applied carbolic acid (phenol) to prevent infection. Lister knew about bacteria and is credited with developing the first pure bacterial cultures.

A

John Lister

69
Q

“Golden Years” of Microbiology

A

1857-1914

General Microbiology (9 decks)

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