ic1 msk anatomy

Question 1

how many bones in a human adult

Answer 1

206

Question 2

difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

axial: skull, vertebral, thorax
appendicular: pectoral girdle & upper limbs; pelvic girdle & lower limbs

Question 3

where and what is the periosteum

Answer 3

fibrous outer layer
osteogenic underneath layer

NOT on articular cartilage

Question 3

functions of the bones

Answer 3

support movement, protection, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance (calcium, phosphate), and storage of energy.

Question 4

what is marrow cavity

Answer 4

holds yellow and red bone marrow

has endosteum lining

Question 5

where and what is red marrow found

Answer 5

in flat and irregular bones, ends of adult femur, humerus

hematopoietic

Question 6

where and what is yellow bone marrow

Answer 6

fat tissue
may differentiate to red marrow at stress

Question 7

sections of bone structure

Answer 7

diaphysis (shaft)
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis and growth plate (in children)

Question 8

metaphysis special properties

Answer 8

not found in children

Question 9

types of bone tissue

Answer 9

spongy and compact

Question 10

components of bone tissue

Answer 10

1) cells: osteocytes, osteoclast, osteoblast
2) mineralised matrix:
- organic: protein fibres (mostly collagen)
- inorganic: hydroxyapatite specialised crystals contain calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxyapatite (ca10(po4)6(oh)2)

Question 11

compact bone where is it found

Answer 11

outer layer of bones
shafts of long bones

Question 12

components of compact bone

Answer 12

made up of osteons (structural unit) consisting of:

• osteocyte, lacuane, canaliculi
• is a concentric lamella (vs circumferential and interstitial)

there is volkmann (perforating) and haversian (central) canals. = blood vessels

Question 13

where is spongy/cancellous bone found

Answer 13

found in the interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis,

ends of long bones

Question 14

how does spongy bone look like

Answer 14

marrow cavities (contain red bone marrow)
between trabeculae beams or plates

Question 15

recall the skeletal anatomy (basic)

Answer 15

cranium, mandible, clavicle, scapula, sternum, humerus, rib, vertebrae, ulna, radius, hip bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula

Question 16

where is the cartilage found （NOT TYPE)

Answer 16

articulating ends of bones,
nose, larynx, trachea,
thorax,
outer ear

Question 17

composition of cartilage

Answer 17

made of tough cartilaginous connective tissue
covered in perichondrium
chondrocytes arise from perichondrium

no blood vessels or nerves except at the perichondrium

Question 18

what do chondrocytes secrete

Answer 18

they are cartilage cells in the lacunae

secrete cartilage matrix

Question 19

composition of cartilage matrix

Answer 19

collagen or elastic fibres

ground substance: H2O, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid), and PROTEOGLYCANS

Question 20

what are the types of cartilage

Answer 20

1) hyaline cartilage (fetus)
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage (ear)

Question 21

skeletal muscle tissue type (and comparison)

Answer 21

skeletal muscle tissue are striated and voluntary

vs
cardiac: striate, involuntary
smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary.

Question 22

composition of skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 22

elongated cylindrical unbranced and striated muscle fibres

covered in plasma membrane = sarcolemma

in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

multinuclei: flattened, near the periphery beneath sarcolemma

Question 23

what are the thin myofilaments made of

Answer 23

actin (attached to the z line)
troponin
tropomyosin (fibre?)

Question 24

what are the thick myofilaments made of

Answer 24

myosin (attached to the M line)

Question 25

what is a sarcomere and myofibril

Answer 25

sarcomere is a contractile unit of myofibril

myofibril is formed by a bundle of thin and thick myofilaments

Question 26

role of troponin on the thin myofilaments

Answer 26

to regulate the interaction between thick and thin myofilaments for contraction of the muscle

Question 27

what happens to the sarcomere during muscle relaxed –> contracted (contraction)

Answer 27

the A band remains the same length
I band decrease
H zone decrease

Question 28

what is origin, insertion, and action

Answer 28

1) origin:
- muscle attachment that remains stationary when muscle contracts

2) insertion:
- muscle attachment that moves while the muscle contracts

3) action:
- specific movement (flexion, extension, etc) produced by muscle contraction

Question 29

what is agonist, synergist, antagonist

Answer 29

1) agonist:
- muscle responsible for producing a particular movement

2) synergist:
- muscle assisting agonist to perform the movement

3) antagonist:
- muscle opposing action of agonist to control speed, smoothness of movement, etc.

Question 30

skeletal muscle anatomy?

Answer 30

refer slide, note:
triceps brachii, biceps brachii, pectoralis, rectus abdominus, deltoid, gluteus, adductor, quadricep femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius

Question 31

functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 31

1) produce movement
2) maintain posture, position, stability
3) support and protect - abdominal wall (protect internal organs), pelvic diaphragm (support pelvic organs from prolapse)
4) guard entrances/exits (sphincter for swallowing, micturition, defecation, parturition)
5) maintain body temp (chemical energy –> heat during muscle contraction/shivering)

Question 32

caution for IM butt injection

Answer 32

avoid sciatic nerve
= avoid bottom 3 quadrants of gluteal injection

Question 33

types of joint

Answer 33

1) fibrous: suture between skull bones
2) cartilaginous: symphysis pubis
(above two have limited movement, maybe symphysis pubis during child birth)

3) synovial

Question 34

synovial joint major components

Answer 34

joint capsule
joint cavity
synovial membrane
articular cartilage

Question 35

what are the major types of synovial joints?

Answer 35

1) ball and socket: shoulder, hip

2) hinge: elbow, knee, finger, toes

3) pivot: radius + ulnar (radioulnar), neck

4) planar: intercarpal

gliding joint: femur + patella

Question 36

movement of bones at the shoulder joint

Answer 36

adduction & abduction
extension & flexion
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction

Question 37

what are the components of the knee joint

Answer 37

hinge joint: femur and tibia
gliding joint: femur and patella

major components:
- bones: femur, tibia, patella
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint capsule and cavity
- menisci and ligaments

Question 38

purpose of the menisci

Answer 38

increase fitting of the bone, found between the two joints