ic10 overview of msk conditions Flashcards
what is are the components of the msk system and what are the functions of each component
bones, joints, tendons, cartilages, muscles, ligaments and connective tissues
i) muscles: keeps bones in place and provide movement, arranged in opposing pairs around joints and are innervated whereby electric currents from the CNS are conducted through these nerves to cause muscle contraction
ii) tendons: tough flexible bands made up of fibrous connective tissues that connects muscle to bone
iii) ligaments: white dense bands made up of fibrous elastic tissues that connects ends of bones together thus forming a joint, helps to limit dislocation and restricts improper hyperextension and hyperflexion
iv) joints are bone articulations that allow movement
v) bursae are made up of fibrous connective tissues that provides cushions between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint
vi) bones serve to provide structural support for the body, provide protection of vital organs, provide an environment for marrow, act as a storage area for minerals
what is the func of the msk system
i) provide form, support, stability and movement
ii) serves as the main storage system of Ca and P to help regulate mineral imbalances in the bloodstream
iii) skeleton also has critical components of the hematopoietic system
what are the kinds of bone marrow (what are their functions) and where is the bone marrow located
red and long distinctions of the bone marrow which are located in long bones
i) yellow bone marrow has fatty connective tissues and found in the marrow cavity: during starvation, body utilises fat in the yellow marrow for energy
ii) red bone marrow is an impt site for hematopoiesis (blood cell production): erythrocytes, PLT and most leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow then migrated into circulation
what is “bone marrow”
soft spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones
why do muscles arrange in antagonistic (opposite) pairs
muscles can only contract and pull in one direction thus you need opposite pairs in order to facilitate movement (eg. bicep curl = bicep shortens while triceps have to lengthen in order to allow for movement at the elbow)
what are the important components part of the bone remodelling and renewal
i) osteoblasts: cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells which are responsible for bone matrix synthesis and its subsequent mineralisation
ii) osteoclasts: are osteoblasts that have been incorporated within the newly formed osteoid which eventually becomes calcified bone; osteoclasts deep in the bone matrix maintain contact with osteoclasts that are newly incorporated in the osteoid, and also with osteoblasts and bone lining cells on bone surfaces through an extensive network of cell processes (canaliculi); these cells are respond to changes in physical forces upon bone and transduce messages to cells on bone surface directing them to initiate bone formation or resorptive responses
iii) osteocytes: large nucleated cells derived from hematopoietic lineage that are responsible for resorption of mineralise tissues, found attached to bone surface at sites of active bone resorption
what is “osteoid”
unmineralised organic portion of the bone matrix that is formed prior to the maturation of bone tissue
what are the types of msk conditions
i) arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty)
ii) osteoporosis
what is the pathophysiology of OA and what are the pharmacotx and non pharmacotx for OA
pathophysiology: overuse of joints
non pharmacotx:
i) physiotherapy
ii) occupational therapy
iii) transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)
iv) cortisone inj
v) lubrication inj
vi) realigning bones
vii) joint replacement
what is the pathophysiology of RA and what are the pharmacotx and non pharmacotx for RA
pathophysiology: autoimmune disorder resulting from recognition of self Ag in the joints, characterised by immune mediated damage to synovial joints
pharmacotx:
i) DMARDs
ii) biologics (IL1R antagonist, anti-IL6R Ab, TNF alpha inhibitor)
non pharmacotx:
i) physiotherapy
ii) occupational therapy
iii) TENS
iv) synovectomy
v) tendon repair
vi) joint fusion
vii) total joint replacement
ii) occupational therapy
what is the pathophysiology of gout and what are the pharmacotx and non pharmacotx for gout
pathophysiology: hyperuricemia that precipitated into joints and resulted in uric acid deposits to build up
pharmacotx:
i) NSAIDs
ii) corticosteroids
iii) colchicine
iv) ULT
non pharmacotx:
i) reduce dietary uric acid intake
ii) weight loss
what is a likely cause of osteoporosis
secondary osteoporosis resulting from glucocorticoid use
glucocorticoids affect the function and number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes as it induces the decr in osteoblast differentiation and incr apoptosis of both osteoblasts and osteocytes, and with less osteoblasts there is reduced bone matrix synthesis thus a lost of balance between bone formation and bone resorption
