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ASCI 2120 Exam 2 > iClicker Questions, Pre-Lecture, and Post-Lecture > Flashcards

iClicker Questions, Pre-Lecture, and Post-Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following hormone classifications is characterized by hormones that are derived from cholesterol?
A) Peptide hormones
B) Amino-acid-derived hormones
C) Steroid hormones
D) Protein hormones

A

C) Steroid hormones

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2
Q

Amine hormones are freely transported in the bloodstream (hydrophilic) and therefore are unable to penetrate the target cell.
True/False

A

True

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes the classification of hormones based on their chemical structure?
A) Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid-Derived
B) Enzymatic, Lipidic, and Proteinaceous
C) Endocrine, Exocrine, and Autocrine
D) Monomeric, Dimeric, and Oligomeric

A

A) Peptide, Steroid, and Amino-Acid Derived

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4
Q

Which hormone is directly involved in stimulating osteoclast activity, thereby promoting bone resorption?
A) Calcitonin
B) Thyroxine
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Estrogen

A

C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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5
Q

A dog is displaying polyuria and polydipsia, weight loss, and reducing activity. Blood exam reveals high sugar levels. What endocrine dysfunction might be happening with this animal?
A) Insulin secretion might be affected.
B) Glucagon secretion might be affected.
C) Estrogen might be affected.
D) Melatonin secretion might be affected.

A

A) Insulin secretion might be affected.

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the adrenal gland?
A) Regulation of Na+ levels
B) Fight-or-flight response
C) Anti-inflammatory response
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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7
Q

Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often resulting from iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorder?
A) Hyperthyroidism
B) Hypothyroidism
C) Goiter
D) Cushing’s syndrome

A

C) Goiter

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8
Q

What role does acetylcholine play in muscle contraction?
A) It triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) It binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, initiating an action potential
C) It binds to troponin, allowing myosin to bind to actin
D) It breaks down ATP, releasing energy for cross-bridge cycling

A

B) It binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, initiating an action potential.

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9
Q

Which of the following describes the neuromuscular junction?
A) A specialized structure where motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers.
B) A junction between two adjacent muscle fibers
C) A region within the muscle cell where calcium ions are stored
D) A site where actin and myosin filaments overlap

A

A) A specialized structure where motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers.

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10
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
A) It breaks down into ADP and phosphate and binds to troponin, allowing myosin to bind to actin
B) It breaks down into ADP and phosphate and binds to myosin, providing energy for cross-bridge cycling.
C) It stabilizes the sarcomere structure during contraction
D) It inhibits the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

B) It breaks down into ADP and phosphate and binds to myosin, providing energy for cross-bridge cycling

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11
Q

What is the role of the folded junction in muscle cells?
A) It serves as a site for the storage of glycogen
B) It enhances the surface area for the transmission of action potentials
C) It regulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) It synthesizes acetylcholine for neuromuscular transmission

A

B) It enhances the surface area for the transmission of action potentials.

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12
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways primarily provides energy for muscle contraction during intense activity, such as sprinting or weightlifting.
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Electron transport chain

A

A) Glycolysis

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13
Q

An Arabian horse ran for 10 miles straight without fatigue. An American quarter horse runs a barrel competition. Which type of fibers would you guess these horses have?
A) Arabian with slow (red) fibers and quarter horse with fast (white) fibers
B) Arabian with fast (white) fibers and quarter horse with slow (red) fibers
C) Both have the same proportion of muscle fibers, regardless of the activity

A

A) Arabian with slow (red) fibers and quarter horse with fast (white fibers)

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14
Q

Match the components of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis with their respective functions.
1. Hypothalamus
2. Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
3. Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
4. Adrenal medulla
A) Produces catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline
B) Releases oxytocin and ADH
C) Releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D) Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH

A

A4
B3
C1
D2

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15
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of TSH from the adenohypophysis in response to low levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream?
A) Thyroxine (T4)
B) Triiodothyroxine (T3)
C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D) Calcitonin

A

C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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16
Q

Match the correct order of the oxytocin-releasing cascade:
OXT release in hypothalamus
Teat canal
Myoepithelial cell contraction
Udder mechanorecepetors (sucking stimuli)
OXT release in neurohypophysis

A
  1. Udder mechanoreceptors (sucking stimuli)
  2. OXT release in hypothalamus
  3. OXT release in neurohypophysis
  4. Myoepithelial cell contraction
  5. Teat canal
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17
Q

Decreased levels of T3 and T4 in blood, associated with a homeostasis disturbance, can be classified as ______.

A

Hypothyroidism

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18
Q

Regarding the thyroid endocrine system, match the following organ with its corresponding function.
1. Hypothalamus
2. Adenohypophysis
3. Thyroid gland
4. Mitochondria cell receptor
A) Synthesis and secretion of T3/T4
B) Synthesis and secretion of TRH
C) Synthesis and secretion of TSH
D) Thyroxin

A

1B
2C
3A
4D

19
Q

Rusty, a soft-coated Wheaten Terrier, has a broken talus. In order to heal, his bone cells are starting to reshape the fracture by the action of which hormone and organ?
A) Parathyroid, which secretes calcitonin
B) Parathyroid, which secretes parathormone
C) Thyroid, which secretes calcitonin
D) Thyroid, which secretes parathormone

A

B) Parathyroid, which secretes parathormone

20
Q

Which hormone is typically elevated in individuals with Cushing’s disease?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Aldosterone
D) Cortisol

A

D) Cortisol

21
Q

How does blood pressure typically affect the levels of aldosterone in the body?
A) Lower blood pressure leads to an increase in aldosterone levels
B) Elevated blood pressure leads to an increase in aldosterone levels
C) Blood pressure has no impact on aldosterone levels
D) None of the above

A

A) Lower blood pressure leads to an increase in aldosterone levels

22
Q

In which situation is insulin secretion expected to increase?
A) During fast or prolonged exercise
B) After a meal rich in carbohydrates
C) During stress or fight-or-flight response
D) In individuals with type 1 diabetes

A

B) After a meal rich in carbohydrates

23
Q

Read the following comparisons between the endocrine system and the nervous system. Which is NOT correct?
A) Both systems play roles in maintenance of homeostasis in the body
B) The endocrine system releases neurotransmitters, whereas the nervous system releases hormones to regulate other systems’ functions
C) The endocrine system’s regulation is relatively slow, whereas the nervous system provides much faster reactions.
D) The endocrine system’s regulation lasts longer than the nervous system’s effects.

A

B) The endocrine system releases neurotransmitters, whereas he nervous system releases hormones to regulate other systems’ functions

24
Q

Read the following comparisons between the endocrine and exocrine glands. Which is CORRECT?
A) Both endocrine and exocrine glands secrete hormones
B) Endocrine glands have ducts, whereas exocrine glands do not have ducts.
C) The secretions of endocrine glands enter the blood and travel all over the body, whereas the secretions of exocrine glands do not enter the blood.
D) All of the above are correct.

A

C) The secretions of endocrine glands enter the blood and travel all over the body, whereas the secretions of exocrine glands do not enter the blood

25
Q

The hypothalamus is structurally connected to the _______.
A) pineal gland
B) pancreas
C) parathyroid gland
D) pituitary gland

A

D) pituitary gland

26
Q

The hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system drains blood from:
A) the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus
B) the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
C) the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
D) the hypothalamus to liver

A

B) the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

27
Q

The specific structure that secretes insulin and glucagon in the pancreas is called
A) the islets of Langerhans
B) the beta cells
C) the diabetes mellitus
D) the pancreas exocrine glands

A

A) the islets of Langerhans

28
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the storage and release of calcium ions during muscle contraction?
A) Myosin
B) actin
C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) Sarcolemma

A

C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

Which molecule blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules in relaxed muscle?
A) Troponin
B) Tropomyosin
C) Calcium ions
D) Creatine phosphate

A

B) Tropomyosin

30
Q

The sliding filament theory describes muscle contraction as the:
A) thick and thin filaments sliding past each other and overlapping more
B) thick filaments pulling thin filaments closer together
C) thin filaments pushing thick filaments apart
D) thick filaments unraveling thin filaments

A

A) thick and thin filaments sliding past each other and overlapping more

31
Q

Which structure directly connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?
A) T-tubules
B) Cisternae
C) T-triad
D) Myofibrils

A

A) T-tubules

32
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
A) It binds to myosin, allowing it to release from actin.
B) It hydrolyzes to provide energy for the power stroke of myosin heads
C) It binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to shift and expose myosin-binding sites
D) It stabilizes the structure of actin and myosin filaments during contraction

A

B) It hydrolyzes to provide energy for the power stroke of myosin heads

33
Q

A graded potential is responsible for the exocytosis of Ach into the synaptic cleft at the motor end plate, allowing the release of calcium ions at the triads.
True/False

A

False; an action potential, not a graded potential

34
Q

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death due to the depletion of ATP, which is needed to release the cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments in muscle cells.
True/False

A

True

35
Q

___________ is a polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules and serves as a storage form of glucose in animals, particularly in liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

36
Q

Match the following muscle physiology terms with their descriptions:
1. Sarcomere
2. Motor unit
3. Neuromuscular junction
4. Twitch
5. Tetanus
A) A brief contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a single action potential
B) A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
C) A sustained contraction of a muscle fiber resulting from rapid stimulation of motor neurons
D) The point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
E) The functional unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of overlapping actin and myosin filaments

A

1E
2B
3D
4A
5C

37
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by a high resistance to fatigue and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin?
A) Type I (red fibers)
B) Type IIa (intermediate fibers)
C) Type IIb (white fibers)
D) Type III

A

A) Type I (red fibers)

38
Q

The anaerobic metabolism results in the production of ____(1)_____ and pyruvate. It is characterized by a rapid rate of ATP production but generates ____(2)_____ as a consequence, leading to muscle fatigue.

A

1) ATP
2) lactic acid

39
Q

Aerobic metabolism occurs in the presence of oxygen and primarily takes place in the mitochondria. During aerobic metabolism, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the Krebs cycle, where it is converted into acetyl-coA.
True/False

A

True

40
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Skeletal muscle = unstriated, voluntary muscle
B) Cardiac muscle = striated, involuntary muscle
C) Smooth muscle = striated, voluntary muscle
D) All of the above are correct

A

B) Cardiac muscle = striated, involuntary muscle

41
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are usually called _____.
A) Myofibrils
B) Myofilaments
C) Actin
D) Skeletal muscle fibers

A

D) Skeletal muscle fibers

42
Q

Skeletal muscle cells differ from typical cells in that these muscle cells…
A) lack a cell membrane
B) lack a nucleus
C) have many nuclei
D) are very small on a cellular scale

A

C) have many nuclei

43
Q

Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that
A) a cardiac muscle cell has only one nucelus, whereas a skeletal muscle cell has many nuclei
B) a cardiac muscle cell often has branches, whereas a skeletal muscle cell has no branches
C) cardiac muscle cells are often connected end-to-end by the intercalated disks, whereas skeletal muscle cells do not connect to each other
D) all of the above are correct

A

D) All of the above

44
Q

Dense bodies are found in:
A) skeletal muscle cells
B) cardiac muscle cells
C) smooth muscle cells
D) all of the above

A

C) smooth muscle cells

ASCI 2120 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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