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Psych/Soc > identity and self > Flashcards

identity and self Flashcards

1
Q

dramaturgical perspective

A

part of symbolic interactionism (Mead), where we have a front-stage self, performed; and a backstage self which we show to ourselves

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2
Q

self-schema

A

beliefs which we have about ourselves. They filter out information that we believe relevant to ourselves (this is called the self-reference effect)

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3
Q

self efficacy

A

like self esteem, except it is your opinion of how competent you are

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4
Q

locus of control

A

external (attribute stuff to outside factors) vs. internal (attribute to self). People with internal locus tend to be more proactive, better at coping

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5
Q

learned helplessness

A

more common in people with EXTERNAL locus of control and low self-efficacy. However, it only follows after repeated experience with failure

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6
Q

aversive control

A

behaviour motivated by threat

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7
Q

escape behaviour vs avoidance behaviour

A

escape: fleeing an unpleasant stimulus that already came; avoidance: preemptively fleeing before it happens

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8
Q

social learning theory

A

learning takes place in social contexts; learn just through observation even without direct reinforcement

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9
Q

social comparison theory

A

We are compelled to form comparisons of self vs. others. ‘Reference groups’ are our standard

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10
Q

perspective-taking

A

ability to understand another’s POV

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11
Q

moral identity

A

degree to which being a ‘good’ person is central to your identity

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12
Q

Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral dev.

A

You develop moral identity in stages that can’t be skipped:
1. Preconventional
Punishment and obedience
Individualism and exchange (kids recognize there are multiple POVs)
2. Conventional
Good interpersonal relationships - hinge on others’ approval
MAintain Social order - hinge on society’s approval
3. Post conventional
Social contract - recognize the fallacies in even society’s rules
Universal principles - developed your own rules

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13
Q

social facilitation effect

A

when skilled and watched, we get better. when unskilled and watched, we get worse!

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14
Q

deindividuation

A

occurs in situations where emotions are high but personal responsibility is low, e.g. a riot

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15
Q

bystander effect

A

people less likely to help when in a crowd. Due to ‘diffusion of responsibility’

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16
Q

social loafing

A

in group work, people exert less effort

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17
Q

mindguarding

A

when contrary facts and opinions are prevented from entering the group; a component of ‘groupthink’

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18
Q

group polarization

A

when people who agree get together, their pre-existing views intensify!

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19
Q

peer pressure

A

when in group, we feel pressure to conform.

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20
Q

conformity vs obedience

A

conformity is to the group; obedience is to the authority

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21
Q

impression management

A

our desire to maintain others’ perceptions of us, present a certain manicured image
SELF-HANDICAPPING: create your own obstacles to avoid blaming self

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22
Q

situational vs. dispositional attribution

A

attributing a person’s actions to their personality (disposition) vs. external factors (situation)

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23
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

We have a tendency to overattribute people’s actions to DISPOSITION not situation

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24
Q

optimism bias

A

Believing things will turn out good for ourselves

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25
Q

self serving bias

A

we attribute our successes to disposition, rather than situation

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26
Q

actor-observer bias

A

we attribute our mistakes/bad actions to situation, rather than disposition (the reverse of self serving bias)

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27
Q

just world belief

A

we believe things happen to others due to their own actions (they deserved it!!)

28
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

like FAE, except for your in-group. When an in-group member does good, it’s their disposition. When they do bad, it’s situation. Reversed for out-group members

29
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

you unconsciously confirm a prediction you, or others, have of you

30
Q

stereotype threat

A

women do worse on math tests when believing girls are bad at math

31
Q

stereotype boost

A

men do better on math tests once believing that men are better at math

32
Q

persuasion (3 elements)

A
  1. message characteristics - soundness of argument
  2. source characteristics - is the source reputable, e.g. a doctor? or attractive?
  3. target characteristics - the listener’s mood, intelligence, etc
33
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

proposes 2 routes of persuasion
1. central route - persuaded by content of argument itself
2. peripheral route - persuaded by superficial, secondary traits
This model says the central route is deeper; the peripheral route leaves a fleeting impression.
However, if the audience is receptive, use central. If audience is hostile, use peripheral.

34
Q

compliance

A

whereas persuasion requires change of view, compliance only requires action; you can think whatever you want. Two motivations:
normative social influence: seek peer approval
informational social influence: think others know something you don’t

35
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

method of gaining compliance: start with small ask

36
Q

door-in-the-face

A

method of gaining compliance: start with big ask to make followup more reasonable

37
Q

low ball technique

A

selling at low cost, then slowly increasing price

38
Q

ingratiation technique

A

getting compliance by first building individual rapport

39
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

we’re more likely to do favors if the person has done US a favor in the past

40
Q

securely attached

A

kids will cry when mom leaves, recover when she returns.

41
Q

insecurely attached

A

these kids may demonstrate

  1. ambivalent attachment - cries when mom leaves, still upset after she returns
  2. avoidant attachment - seeming indifference to departure and return
  3. disorganized attachment - reacts unpredictably
42
Q

social network theory

A

there is great strength in numerous weak ties - don’t undervalue importance of acquaintances

43
Q

theory of self-verification

A

we wish to be understood in line with our beliefs

44
Q

Carl Rogers

A

proposed ideal self and real self

45
Q

differential association

A

Sutherland argues that deviance is learned (such as from gangs or bad cliques)

46
Q

labeling theory

A

Howard Becker, in contrast to Sutherland, thinks deviance is the result of society’s rejection of a person (e.g. for his sexuality). Individual may then become deviant as part of self fulfilling prophecy

47
Q

structural strain

A

yet another theory of deviance; that it is the result of strain/anomie. Deviance doesn’t happen when we have the means to reach our goals

48
Q

Types of groups

A

Crowd: group sharing a purpose
Public: a group that discusses a single issue
Mass: group formed through mass media. They share common interests
Social movement: group with the deliberate intention of promoting change

49
Q

agents of socialization (list)

A

family, school, peers, workplace, religion, govt, media/tech

50
Q

assimilation vs amalgamation

A

in assimilation, one culture predominates; amalgamate, a new average one formed

51
Q

3 factors determining whether we attribute behaviour to disposition or situation

A

consistency: is this how he always acts?
distinctiveness: is he just acting this way to you?
consensus: is he the only one acting this way?

52
Q

halo effect

A

we generalize people as having wholly good or bad natures

53
Q

false consensus

A

we assume everyone else agrees with what we do

54
Q

projection bias

A

we assume others share our beliefs

55
Q

ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism

A

judging another people by your own standards (ethnocentric) or their own (relativism)

56
Q

primary vs secondary grousp

A

family vs workplace. primary serves EXPRESSIVE (emotional) functions; secondary serves INSTRUMENTAL functions

57
Q

factors influencing degree of conformity

A

group size, unanimity, cohesion (do you identify with fellow members), status of members, accountability (when high, you conform), no prior commitment

58
Q

‘status’ types

A

master status: the one that others think of you chiefly

ascribed: assigned to person by society
achieved: due to own efforts

59
Q

role strain

A

conflict arising from conflicting expectations of SAME role; whereas ROLE CONFLICT is btw 2 different roles

60
Q

organizations (3)

A

utilitarian: members are paid
normative: for the sake of shared goals
coercive: you have no choice (e.g. prison)

61
Q

mere exposure effect

A

we prefer the familiar (e.g. voting on name recognition alone)

62
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

frustration leads to anger leads to aggression
INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION - premeditated
HOSTILE AGGRESSION - lashing out in emotion

63
Q

social support

A

a determinant of health, in fact!

64
Q

inclusive fitness

A

not just no. of offspring, but how well they are supported, and how well offspring supports others
ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR: can help the whole survive

65
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

interplay btw person’s actions, personality, and environment.

  1. people choose environments which in turn shape them
  2. your personality shapes how you respond to environment (e.g. shitty job)
  3. personality influences the reaction (e.g. shouting at cashier is not helpful)
66
Q

life course perspective

A

looks at how key events lead to personal development (marriage, childbearing, death)

67
Q

what counts as SOCIALLY defined identities

A

ADDRESSING: age, disability, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, indigeneity, nationality, gender

Psych/Soc (6 decks)

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