ILA

Question 1

What is osteomalacia?

Answer 1

defective mineralisation of bone matrix in an adult

Question 2

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 2

reduced bone density (reduced bone matrix)

Question 3

what is the function of macrophages?

Answer 3

• type of WBC
• in bone marrow
• attacks bacteria and tumour cells

Question 4

what is the role of UV light in vitamin D metabolism?

Answer 4

converts 7-dehydrocholestrol -> cholecaliferol

Question 5

where is 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D formed?

Answer 5

kidney

Question 6

what is hydroxyapatite made of?

Answer 6

calcium and phosphate

Question 7

what is sickle cell anaemia caused by?

Answer 7

• autosomal recessive
• inherited
• substituting AA in beta globin chain

Question 8

which enzyme unwinds supercoiled DNA?

Answer 8

topoisomerase

Question 9

in sickle cell disease, an acute pain crisis is typically caused by capillary occlusion in the…

Answer 9

bone

Question 10

what do specific amino acids bind to?

Answer 10

tRNA

Question 11

what type of structure does a protein with a number of sub-units held together by cross links have?

Answer 11

quaternary structure

Question 12

what is transcription?

Answer 12

DNA copied into mRNA that leaves the nucleus

Question 13

what is translocation?

Answer 13

genetic material exchanged between chromosomes

Question 14

what is translation?

Answer 14

mRNA used to specific AAs required to make proteins

Question 15

what is transamination?

Answer 15

reaction where amino group is removed from an AA in metabolism

Question 16

what enzyme causes the double helix to unzip?

Answer 16

helicase

Question 17

where are ribosomes assembled?

Answer 17

inside the nucleus

- translocate to cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Question 18

where is aldosterone synthesised?

Answer 18

adrenal cortex

Question 19

what type of hormone is aldosterone?

Answer 19

steroid

Question 20

what is aldosterone released in response to?

Answer 20

angiotensin II

Question 21

what is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 21

promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in DCTs

Question 22

where is ADH synthesised?

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

how is total body water distributed by volume?

assume healthy 70kg male

Answer 23

intracellular: 28L
interstitial: 11L
intravascular: 3L

Question 24

what is the function of renin?

Answer 24

angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I

Question 25

which substances are taken into account when calculating plasma osmolarity?

Answer 25

Na+ glucose urea

Question 26

what is the principal site of renin production?

Answer 26

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 27

occlusion in which artery is most likely to result in a fatal heart attack and why?

Answer 27

left main coronary artery | - supplies largest area of hear muscle

Question 28

what is a raised central venous pressure a sign of?

Answer 28

right sided heart failure

Question 29

why can left-sided heart failure lead to a pulmonary oedema?

Answer 29

causes an increase in pulmonary pressure

Question 30

which artery supplies the SA and AC nodes? (most of the time)

Answer 30

right coronary artery

Question 31

which artery supplies the His-Purkinje system?

Answer 31

LAD

Question 32

what is stroke volume in the average person?

Answer 32

70 mls

Question 33

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the foetal CVR system?

Answer 33

allows blood to bypass foetal lungs by shunting it from pulmonary artery -> aorta

Question 34

what is the relationship between SVR & BP with the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 34

- SNs cause vasoconstriction - increases systemic vascular resistance - increases BP

Question 35

what is the relationship between BP & SVR with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

PNs do not have major influence on peripheral blood vessel diameter as they do not have parasympathetic innervation

Question 36

what nerve innervates the pericardium?

Answer 36

phrenic (C3-5)

Question 37

what stimulates carotid chemoreceptors?

Answer 37

changes in: - O2 - CO2 - H+

Question 38

give an example of a condition that would normally lead to type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 38

COPD

Question 39

give an example of a condition that would lead to type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 39

pulmonary embolism

Question 40

how would you calculate vital capacity?

Answer 40

TV + IRV + ERV

Question 41

what is the function of histamine 1?

Answer 41

mediate increase in vascular permeability at sites of inflammation

Question 42

what is the function of histamine 2?

Answer 42

increases release of gastric acid

Question 43

how many layers of muscle are present in the stomach wall and what are they?

Answer 43

3 - longitudinal - circular - oblique

Question 44

what is the action of the proton pump in the parietal cells of the stomach

Answer 44

K+ in | H+ out

Question 45

what substance is secreted by enterochromaffin cells?

Answer 45

histamine

Question 46

what is the effect of the vagus nerve on parietal cells?

Answer 46

releases ACh onto them

Question 47

where does the common bile duct drain into?

Answer 47

duodenum

Question 48

what is secreted by chief cells?

Answer 48

pepsinogen

Question 49

what is the function of intrinsic factor produced in the stomach?

Answer 49

allows absorption of vitamin B12 in terminal ileum

Question 50

what artery supplies the jejunum?

Answer 50

superior mesenteric artery

Question 51

what is the change in cell-type seen in the lower oesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?

Answer 51

stratified squamous -> columnar

Question 52

where is fat first acted upon by lipase enzymes?

Answer 52

oral cavity