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Phase 1 medicine > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones e.g. oxidation

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Making larger molecules from smaller ones. e.g. storage

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3
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

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4
Q

Where are fats stored?

A

As adipose tissue

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5
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored?

A

As glycogen in the liver or in muscles.

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6
Q

Where is protein stored?

A

In the muscle.

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7
Q

How much energy is in carbohydrates?

A

4kcal/g

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8
Q

How much energy is in proteins?

A

4kcal/g

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9
Q

How much energy is in alcohol?

A

7kcal/g

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10
Q

How much energy is in lipids?

A

9kcal/g

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11
Q

How does oxidation of dietary fuels work?

A

When any dietary fuel is oxidised ATP plus Co2 and H2O are produced. The energy is then used for biosynthesis, detoxification, muscle contraction etc.

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12
Q

Define BMR.

A

Energy needed to stay alive at rest. 1kcal/kg body mass/hour

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13
Q

Name 5 factors that decrease BMR.

A

Age, gender, dieting/starvation, hypothyroidism and decrease muscle mass.

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14
Q

Name 6 factors that increase BMR.

A

BMI, hyperthyroidism, low ambient temp, fever/infection/chronic disease, caffeine/stimulant intake, exercise.

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15
Q

What are the NHS nutrition guidelines for patients not severely ill or injured?

A

25-35 kCal/kg/day

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16
Q

How much glucose does the brain require each day?

A

150g

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17
Q

How is glucose made during starvation?

A

Gluconeogenesis from lactate, amino acids, glycerol.

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18
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

A state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy protein or other nutrients causing measurable adverse effects.

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19
Q

How much protein is required each day?

A

0.8g/kg/day

20
Q

What are the fatty acids converted into in fatty acid activation?

A

Acyl-CoA

21
Q

How does a fatty acid enter the mitochondria if it has greater than 14 carbons?

A

Via the carnitine shuttle

22
Q

What is acyl coA converted to during beta oxidation?

A

Acetyl CoA

23
Q

Where is the acetyl CoA then used?

A

In the krebs cycle

24
Q

In what circumstances is acetyl coA turned into ketones?

A

During high rates of fatty acid oxidation, acetyl coA exceeds the capacity of the krebs cycle

25
Q

Give 3 examples of ketone bodies.

A

Acetone, Acetoacetone and beta-hydroxybuterate

26
Q

Whereabouts does ketogenesis occur?

A

Hepatic cells in the liver.

27
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

Low insulin, leading to increased glucose and breakdown of glycogen. The body then begins to break down fatty acids as a source of fuel leading to raised ketones in the blood.

28
Q

How is energy released in the ATP-ADP cycle?

A

Hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP

29
Q

What is the function of the hydrogen ion released in the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

It can be used in other metabolic pathways; e.g. NAD can accept electrons, NADH donates electrons.

30
Q

Where is the phosphate from the ATP-ADP cycle utilised?

A

It can be donated to low energy compounds, forming ADP. e.g. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

31
Q

Give examples of where the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used.

A

Muscle contraction (conformational change in the myosin heads); active transport of ions into and out of cells requires energy; thermogenesis.

32
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm of the cell

33
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

34
Q

Which is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

35
Q

What is the role of PFK-1?

A

Converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

36
Q

How does ATP inhibit glycolysis?

A

As ATP is the end product of glycolysis, if there is a lot of it less glycolysis need to occur

37
Q

How does AMP activate glycolysis?

A

A positive regulator of glycolysis; high levels of it show the cell is starved of energy. increases the affinity of PFK-1 for fructose-6-phosphate.

38
Q

How does citrate inhibit glycolysis?

A

This is the first reactant in the TCA cycle, high concs of it means that glycolysis can slow down.

39
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

A

Go on to the Krebs cycle

40
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

A

It goes on to form lactate

41
Q

What are the functions of glycolysis?

A

Provides ATP, generates precursors for biosynthesis, pyruvate transaminated to alanin, fatty acid synthesis.

42
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

43
Q

What is pyruvate initially converted into?

A

Acetyl coA

44
Q

What inhibits the Krebs cycle?

A

High concentrations of acetyl coA and NADH.

45
Q

Which product competitively inhibits citrate synthase?

A

Succinyl CoA

46
Q

What is the effect of isocitrate dehydrogenase on the Krebs cycle?

A

Main rate limiting steps of the cycle. low levels of citrate activates the enzyme to increase the rates of citrate synthase.

Phase 1 medicine (3 decks)

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