immune system

Question 1

what is the function of the immune system?

Answer 1

resist disease

Question 2

what are the two main classes of immunity?

Answer 2

1. innate defenses
2. adaptive defenses

Question 3

what are the differences between innate defenses and adaptive defenses?

Answer 3

• innate defenses are non-specific and functions right away
• adaptive defenses are long lasting and take longer to function

Question 4

what is the first line of defense of the innate immune system and what type(s) of barrier is it?

Answer 4

surface barriers; it is a physical & chemical barrier

Question 5

what are the two physical and chemical barriers that make up the first line of defense; what are their functions?

Answer 5

skin & mucous membrane; both secrete chemicals

Question 6

what is the second line of defense of the innate immune system?

Answer 6

internal defenses

Question 7

what are the 5 cells/chemical(s) that make up the second line of defense?

Answer 7

1. phagocytic cells
2. natural killer cells (NK cells)
3. inflammation
4. antipathogenic proteins
5. fever

Question 8

list the 5 types of leukocytes

Answer 8

1. neutrophils
2. lymphocytes
3. monocytes
4. eosinophils
   5.. basophils

Question 9

what are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 9

phagocytosis

Question 10

what are the functions of lymphocytes?

Answer 10

produce antibodies

Question 11

what are the functions of monocytes?

Answer 11

phagocytosis

Question 12

what are the functions of eosinophils?

Answer 12

help kill off parasitic worms

Question 13

what are the functions of basophils?

Answer 13

help create inflammation process, allergic reaction

Question 14

define inflammation

Answer 14

body’s way to protect itself after injury or help fight infection

Question 15

what are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?

Answer 15

• edema (swelling)
• redness
• heat (hot to touch)
• painful

Question 16

what are the steps to an inflammation response?

Answer 16

• initiated by proinflammatory chemicals
• chemicals trigger vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, recruitment of immune cells to the site
• the contents of exudate (inflammatory fluid & cellular/protein mixture) help eliminate the pathogen and promote healing

Question 17

what are interferons (IFNs)?

Answer 17

protein cytokines produced in response to intracellular pathogens; primarily viruses, but also intracellular bacteria

Question 18

what are the functions of interferons?

Answer 18

warns nearby cells of virus infection

Question 19

what is the main type of leukocyte in adaptive immunity?

Answer 19

lymphocytes

Question 20

what is the function of adaptive immunity?

Answer 20

destroys specific invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce

Question 21

what is an antigen?

Answer 21

a surface molecule

Question 22

what do antigens do?

Answer 22

they can interact with immune cells (on our own cells - “self” // on pathogens - “non-self”)

Question 23

what are antibodies?

Answer 23

immune proteins

Question 24

what are antibodies made by?

Answer 24

B-Cells

Question 25

what are the characteristics of primary immune responses?

Answer 25

• small number of antibodies
• symptoms

Question 26

what are the characteristics of secondary immune responses?

Answer 26

• quick & large number of antibodies
• produced due to memory cells
• no symptoms

Question 27

what is the definition of hypo-immunity?

Answer 27

immune system working less than it should

Question 28

give an example of hypo-immunity?

Answer 28

aids caused by HIV (targets & destroys t-cells)

Question 29

what is the definition of hyper-immunity?

Answer 29

immune system working more than it should

Question 30

give an example of hyper-immunity?

Answer 30

allergies & autoimmune disease

Question 31

define allergies

Answer 31

immune system overreacts to non-pathogenic pathogens

Question 32

define autoimmune disease

Answer 32

immune cells attack own cells