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Pathophysiology 2 > Immune system and lymphoid organs > Flashcards

Immune system and lymphoid organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of the lymphoid system

A
  1. Can distinguish self (own body) from non self (foreign substances)
  2. Neutralizes or inactivates foreign substances
  3. Destroys foreign substances
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2
Q

What does “self” imply

A

It means that the immune system is able to distinguish the bodies own cells from foreign substances

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3
Q

What does “nonself” imply

A

It means that the immune system is able to recognize foreign substances

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

Immunity you are born with.

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Acquired immunity over time and through exposure to foreign substances (IE vaccines).

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6
Q

Which cells are part of the adaptive immunity

A

B and T lymphocytes

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7
Q

Which cells are part of the innate immunity

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, natural killer cells

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8
Q

Which type of immunity makes antibodies as its response to a foreign subject

A

The adaptive immunity (Bcells)

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9
Q

How does the innate immunity get rid of foreign substances

A

Usually through phagocytosis. The cells of the innate system are directly involved in killing pathogens

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10
Q

How does the adaptive response work

A

T and B cells must recognize the antigens and have a corresponding antibody that will deactivate the foreign substance (antigen)

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11
Q

What is an epitope

A

The specific portion of an antigen that is recognized by a B or T cell.

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12
Q

Which immune response works faster

A

The innate immunity response

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13
Q

Immunocompetent cell

A

Means that a B or T cell is mature and can recognize antigens allowing for immune responses to occur

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14
Q

Immune response

A

How body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses and foreign substances

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15
Q

Humoral immunity

A

(Fluid based) Involves the B cells. Begins with antigen recognition by naive B cells. They then undergo clonal expansion and differentiation. B cell matures into an antibody secreting plasma cells which secretes antibodies. These antibodies will then recognize future exposure

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16
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Does not involve antibodies, instead it involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen- specific cytotoxic T cells, and the release of cytokines in response to the antigen

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17
Q

Memory cells

A

The pool of B cells that will recognize an antigen next time it enters the body (i.e. vaccinations)

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18
Q

antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

Cells that present (or display) the foreign antigen on their surface in order for T cell to interact with

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19
Q

What is the predominant APC for naive T cells

A

Dendritic cells

Other cells include macrophages, B cells, and basophils

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20
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Tissue that possess lymphocytes (B/T)

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21
Q

Central (primary) lymphoid organs

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
    (sites of antigen independent lymphocyte generation)
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22
Q

Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs

A

Tissues in which adaptive immune responses are initiated. Includes:
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
(MALT, GALT,BALT, CALT, NALT)

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23
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

3 tonsils make up ring of NALT

Palatine, nasophargyngeal, and lingual tonsil (circle at entrance of gut/airway)

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24
Q

Peyers Patch

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue (and nodes) all grouped together found in the ileum region of SI

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25
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Antibody, glycoprotein made by plasma cells (WBC). Binds with specific antigens on bacteria and viruses. All mature B cells bear these.

26
Q

antigen

A

Any substance that causes your body to make antibodies against it

27
Q

immunodeficiency

A

Immune system is having difficulty fighting off infection or disease

28
Q

Where are B cells made

A

Bone marrow

29
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

In the bursa of the mucosa or basically in the peripheral (secondary) lymph organs

30
Q

Where are T cells made

A

Bone marrow

31
Q

Where do they mature

A

In the thymus and tonsils

32
Q

What is a plasma cell

A

also called a plasma B cells. WBC that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

33
Q

How are plasma cells transported

A

By the blood plasma and lymphatic system

34
Q

Function of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. Move fluid from interstitial space
  2. Carries humoral and antigen bearing cells from tissue to lymph nodes
  3. Connects lymph nodes
  4. Dumps lymph fluid back into venous system
35
Q

What are the two subcategories of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cellular

36
Q

3 sets of tonsils

A
  1. Palantine
  2. nasopharyngeal
  3. Lingual
37
Q

Function of palatine tonsils

A

Protect body against respiratory and GI infections

38
Q

Function of pharyngeal tonsils

A

Aid in sweeping out or removing foreign substances from the throat to prevent GI or respiratory

39
Q

Function of Lingual tonsils

A

Remove invading organisms before it enters throat

40
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessel

A

Carries lymph fluid to a lymph node

41
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessel

A

Carries lymph fluid away from a lymph node

42
Q

Follicular Cortex

A

Outer portion of the lymph node (underneath the capsule) B cell rich!!!

43
Q

Parafollicular cortex

A

Deep cortex (or cortex just below the follicular cortex) T cell rich!!!!

44
Q

Medulla

A

Inner portion of lymph node, contains medullary cords that are made up of macrophages and plasma cells

45
Q

Cortical sinuses

A

The sinuses (or tracts) located in the cortex that drain lymph fluid into the medullary sinuses

46
Q

Medullary sinuses

A

The sinuses (or tracts) that separate the medullary cords. Lymph flows from medullary sinuses to efferent lymphatic vessel

47
Q

Medullary cords

A

Cords of lymphatic tissue found in the medulla and are made up of plasma cells and macrophages

48
Q

Which area of the lymph node are rich in B cells

A

Follicular cortex

49
Q

Which area of the lymph node are rich in T cells

A

Parafollicular (deep) cortex

50
Q

Function of the spleen

A
  1. Largest 2ndary lymphoid tissue
  2. Assesses immune and vascular systems
  3. Filters blood to remove damaged and worn out RBC
  4. Activates immune responses
51
Q

What is the spleen made up of

A

red and white pulp

52
Q

Red pulp

A

Filters blood (flow of blood is from trabecular arteries, to central arteries to red pulp)

53
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphoid tissue, made up of PALS (t cells around central artery) and scattered B rich follicles

54
Q

What are PALS

A

T cells around a central artery

55
Q

Splenic sinusoids

A

Wide blood vessels that drain into the trabecular artery (filters blood)

56
Q

Splenic cords

A

Cords in the red pulp that separate the sinusoids. Eat old RBC’s. Macrophage rich!!!!!

57
Q

Two functions of the thymus

A
  1. Site of T cell maturation/production

2. Produces hormones

58
Q

Blood thymus barrier

A

Barrier between circulatory system and thymus. Allows T-cells to mature

59
Q

Thymus cortex

A

Outer region composed of Immature T cells

60
Q

Thymus medulla

A

Inner portion of thymus, composed of MATURE T cells

61
Q

Hassal’s corpuscle

A

In thymus, made of flat reticular cells, usually circular. May secrete cytokine, function relatively unknown

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

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