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BIO233 > Immune system II > Flashcards

Immune system II Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific defenses of the host cell

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2
Q

Requirements for special immunity

A

Must recognize the pathogen
Must be able to destroy the pathogen
Nust remember OG pathogen after long time has elapsed
Must discriminate bw self and non-self cells

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3
Q

How does diabetes 1 work

A

Body attacks insulin producing cells

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4
Q

Antigen

A

substance that stimuleate body to produce specific antibodies or sensitive T cells

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5
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins made in response to antigen, can combine specifically with that antigen

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6
Q

Complement

A

Serum proteins that bind and antibody and help in antigen antibody reaction (and cell lysisi)

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7
Q

Serology

A

the study of reactions bw antigen and antibodies

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8
Q

Antiserum

A

: Genetic term for serum bc it contains antibodies

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9
Q

Globulins

A

serum proteins (foudn in the serum)

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10
Q

Immunoglobins

A

Another name for antibodies

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11
Q

How many classes of antibodies

A

5`

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

general term for WBCs including (neutrophils, macrphoges, luymphocuytes etc.)

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Part of leukocoyte that participate in adaptive immunity (Bcells and Tcells)

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14
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced

A

All lymphocytes produced from lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow

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15
Q

Stem cells

A

undiffereientiated cells (potential to differentiate into different kinds of cells) = unprogrammed cells

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16
Q

How is leukemia treated

A

Leukemia (cells creating blood are cancerous, therefore they need a bone marrow transplant so that they can receive “rogrammable cells”

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17
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

Bone marrow

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18
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

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19
Q

What do B cells produce

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

What do T cells produce

A

Cell mediated defense

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21
Q

What part of an antigen do lymphocytes recognize and bind to?

A

Epitope

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22
Q

How many kinds of antigens can T cells and B cells bind to

A

Only recongize ONE type of antigen

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23
Q

Which part of a virus is the epitope

A

different components of the virus can serve as eopitopes
Spike protein, membrane, envelope, nucleocapsid etc.

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24
Q

What is the B-Cell antigen recepotr

A

(actually an antibody impeded into the membrane)
Y shaped with two identical heavy chains

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25
Q

Three regions of all B-cell receptors

A

Transmembrane region: anchors receptor into plasma membrane of B-Cell
Constant regions: Identical across receptors, vary little among B cells
Variable regions: The parts of the receptors that differe greatly among B cells and provide antigen specificity

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26
Q

What occurs when a B cell bidns to and antigen

A

it is activated to
Proliferates (Divides into many other identical clone B-cells that recgnize the same epitopes)
Differentiates into plasma and memory cells

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27
Q

Plasma cells

A

ntiates into plasma and memory cells
Plasma cells (B-cells without receptors[imbedded antibodies]): produce free antibodies (b-cell receoptrs that lack transmembrane region)
Antibodies circulate, recognize, and bind to circulating antigens (viruses, bacteria, toxins etc.)

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28
Q

Memory Cells

A

Memory cells: Cells that will live for a long time in circulation (remember the antigen)

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29
Q

CLonal selection

A

An activated B-Cell proliferates into clone of cells in response to an encounter with an antigen

Activated B cells differentiate into
Antibody producing plasma cells
Long lived memory cells (All clone cells recognize this antigen)

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30
Q

How many antigens of one type can a B cell recognize

A

10 to the 15

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31
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

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32
Q

IgG

A

Produced as monomer
80% of all antibodies
Enhances phagocytosis (opsinization)

Causes greater immune response upon secondary exposure

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33
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer (5 antibodies held together into this large structure)
First antibodies produces in initial response to infection

(consisten in secondary and initial exposure)

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34
Q

IgA

A

Two antibodies joined together
Found in secretions (mucous, saliva, milk, tears)
Provide localized protection in these specific areas

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35
Q

IgE

A

Binds to mast cells causing the release of histamines during inflammation

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36
Q

Cellular immune respnose mediated by

A

T cells

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37
Q

The reocognition of antigens by T cell requries

A

Sn stigen presenting cell to process them first

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38
Q

What do cytoxic T cells use to kill altered cells

A

Perforin, a pore forming protein

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39
Q

Which response do helper T cells aid in

A

Humoral and cellular immune esponse

40
Q

Helper T cell actived by

A

Activated by two signals

The binding of T cell receptor to a processed antigen and a costimulatory cytokine

41
Q

Cell responsivle for enanced secondary response to antigen and is produced vvia clonal selection and differentiation of B cells

A

Memory Cell

42
Q

B cell becomes activated when

A

When it’s immunoglobuns bind to its specific epitotpe and, in order to be actived, it may require assistance via helper T cells

43
Q

Molecule composed of protein chains that form a complex with antigens, serving to tag foreign cells for destruction by phagocytees and complement

A

Antibodies

44
Q

Cell used for adaptive immune response to a helminth

A

TH2 cells

45
Q

Cell used for adaptive immune response to intracellular bacteria and protozoa

A

TH1

46
Q

Cell used for adaptive immune response to a Fungi and extracellular bacteria

A

TH17

47
Q

This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

48
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child’s immune system.

49
Q

Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens?

A

ER

50
Q

When does MHC-II loading occur?
*

A

During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens

51
Q

Can macrophages present antigens on class II MHC proteins

A

Yes

52
Q

What is the function of the CD8 receptor?

A

Bind to MHC molecules

53
Q

What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?

A

They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells.

54
Q

Which molecule triggers apoptosis?

A

Granzyme

55
Q

Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?

A

CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells

56
Q

What is produced by the process of clonal expansion?

A

Plasma cells and memory B cells

57
Q

An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as

A

T-independent antigens.

58
Q

How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days?

A

Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.

59
Q

Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?

A

Humoral

60
Q

on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?

A

Day five

60
Q

Which cells are involved in a secondary response?

A

Memory B cells and plasma cells

61
Q

An anamnestic response is

A

another name for secondary response.

62
Q

characteristics of an adaptive immune response?

A

Specific
Memory
Clonal
Inducible

63
Q

Why are Glycoproteins more effective antigens compared to other molecules

A

Glycoproteins contain a variety of shapes and subunits that contribute to the overall complexity of the molecule.

64
Q

characteristics of MHCII molecules in mounting the antibody response?

A

found on APC, present exogenous antigens, activate T helper cells

65
Q

role of T helper cells in mounting the antibody response.

A

T helper cells aid the antibody response by binding to the B cell MHCII/protein complex and secreting cytokines like IL-4.

66
Q

Steps in generating antibodies

A

Dendtiric cells process antigen
Dendritc cells present antigen
T helper cells recognize MHCII antigen complex on dentric cell
Stimulated by cytokines - Helper T cells differentiate into TH2 cells
B cells are activated after interacting with TH2 cells
B cell differntiate into memory and plasma cells

67
Q

Tumor necrosis factor — stimulate tumor metastasis
a correct match?

A

No

68
Q

Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

69
Q

definition of epitopes?

A

Specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies

70
Q

In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can induce the activation of the complement system are ________.

A

IgM

71
Q

Which disease NOT part of infant vaccine schedule

A

Smallpox

72
Q

Ways to administer vaccine

A

Orally, intranasally, injection

73
Q

A vaccine that is made up of weakened or damaged microbes is called _____.

A

Attentuated

74
Q

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?

A

Attenuated live vaccine

75
Q

Hallmark of conjugated vaccine

A

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

76
Q

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)

A

inactivated killed vaccine.

77
Q

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?

A

Subunit

78
Q

Jenner’s contribution to the development of vaccinations?

A

He demonstrated that inoculating people with crusts from cowpox lesions protected them from smallpox infection.

79
Q

possible recombinant technologies that could have been used to generate the vaccine?

A

One of the viral virulence genes was deleted, creating a viral strain with decreased virulence.

A recombinant viral particle was created to express a particular antigen.

80
Q

Examples of basic types of vaccine

A

nucleic acid vaccines
subunit vaccine
live, attenuated vaccine

81
Q

immunologic-based diagnostic test

A

agglutination reactions
fluorescent-antibody techniques
precipitation reactions

82
Q

Are antibodies used to produce vaccines?

A

No

83
Q

Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses?

A

The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host.

84
Q

Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n) ________ vaccine.

A

Conjugated

85
Q

Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used to synthesize ________ vaccine.

A

inactivated whole-agent

86
Q

An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as

A

T-independent antigens.

87
Q

CTL

A

Cytoxic T Lymphocyte

87
Q

A vaccine against HIV proteins made by genetially engineered vaccina virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell is a

A

Subunit vaccine

88
Q

The presence of which antibody indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?

A

IgM

89
Q

Margination

A

Adherance of phagocytes to lining of BVs

90
Q

Neutrophils attracted to the site of injury squeexze through the walls of the blood vessels in a process called

A

emigration

91
Q

How do phagocytes use lysozymes to optimize interactions with microorganisms

A

They do not

92
Q

Neutrophils with dfective lysosomes are unable to

A

digest invading pathogens

93
Q

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid goes

A

into the lymph capillaries

94
Q
A

BIO233 (18 decks)

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