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BIOLOGY > immunity and nutrition > Flashcards

immunity and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

innate mechanism

A
  • acts againts any type of antigen
  • non-specific
  • skin as barrier to foreign substances
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2
Q

adaptive mechanism

A
  • consists of the humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response
  • specific type of antigen
  • pag tinurukan
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3
Q

a type of white blood cell that identifies foreign substances

A

lymphocyte

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3
Q

ability of an organism to resist illness caused by pathogens or foreign substances

A

immunity

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4
Q

this is created by the lymphocyte that destroys foreign substances

A

antibodies

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5
Q

foreign substances triggers an immune response called

A

antigens

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6
Q

antibodies are proteins called

A

immunoglobulins

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7
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B cell - responsible for immune response which antibodies are produced
T cell - immune response but does not involve antibody production
- cytotoxic (killer) T cell - destroys infected cell
- helper T cell - produces chemicals to create more lymphocytes
- suppressor T cell - regulates immune response

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8
Q

act as an antigen receptors

A

IgD
- mature B cell/nagrerespond

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8
Q

protects the mucosal surfaces of the body from infections

A

IgA
- saliva

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9
Q

also known as gamma globulin. during pregnancy this enters the placenta and helps to protect the fetus

A

IgG
- fetus, 1st immune system

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9
Q

anti-parasite/allergy

A

IgE
- allergy

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10
Q

responding to a specific antigen for the 1st time

A

IgM
- immunity

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10
Q

immune response

A
  • macrophage
  • infescted cell
  • memory t cell + helper t cell
  • mitosis
  • killer t cell
  • kills infected cell
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11
Q

humoral immune response

A
  • production of antibodies by B cells
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12
Q

cell mediated immune response

A
  • immune response by T cell, no antibody production
13
Q

mostly produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

A

interleukins
- IL 1 - released by macrophage to activate helper T cell to secrete IL2
- IL 2 - released by helper T cell, grownth and differentiation of T cell
- IL 3 - released by T cell, stimulates bone marrow to differentiate into types of blood

13
Q

ability of lymphocyte ti differentiate foreign substances is because of a group of protein called

A

major histocompatability complex (MHC)

14
Q

blood group

A

Type -agglutinogen, antibody in plasma, donor
A - antigen a, agglutinin anti B, A or O
B- antigen B, anti a, B or O
AB - antigen A and B, no agglu, univ recipient
O - no antigen, agglu A and B, universal donor

15
Q

defined as the entire process of an organism furnishing itself or being furnished with the essential materials needed for energy production, growth and reproduction, secretion storage and for the maintenance of the osmotic conditions and pH within its body.

A

nutrition

16
Q

can make its own food
organic compounds are synthesized (manufactured) from raw inorganic materials by the organism

A

autotrophic nutrition

17
Q

2 methods of autotrophic nutritions

A

chemosynthesis - occurs in darkness, synthesizing organic compunds from carbon dioxide and water
- ex; iron bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidants) and nitrifying bacteria

photosynthesis - needs sunlight

18
Q

where organisms cant synthesize organic compounds but obtain from resources

A

heterotrophic nutrition
- holozoic nutrition
- saprophytic nutrition (mushroom)
- parasitic nutrition (parasite)

18
Q

holozoic nutrition

A
  • Ingest solid food and digest them in the alimentary canal before absorbing them into the cells through a blood transport system
  • herbivore - plants
  • carnivore - animals
  • omnivore - plantd and animals
  • detritivore - decaying organic matter (earthworm)
  • insectivorous - plats able to trep insects
  • microphagous feeders - small particles(ameba)
  • liquid feeders - liquid food (aphids)
  • macrophagous feeders - large particles (mammals)
19
Q

stages of digestion

A
  • Ingestion - process of taking in food
  • Digestion
    —– Physical digestion, the solid food is cut to fine pieces by teeth and later mixed with saliva from the salivary gland to form a bolus that is moved through the digestive canal by peristalsis
    —– Chemical digestion, a complex food molecules is broken into simple molecules that can be absorbed
  • Absorption
  • Assimilation
  • Egestion
20
Q

positive feedback

A
  • occurs when a change in a factor causes he value of that factor to rise or fall even further
  • Receptors that are able to detect any change
  • A control center that defines changes
  • A mechanism that triggers appropriate corrective actions
  • Effectors that execute the corrective actions
20
Q

They act as decomposers whereby organic materials of dead organisms and their waste products are broken down

A

saprophytic nutrition

21
Q

organisms that live on and obtain their food from another living organism, which is known as the host

A

parasitic nutrition
Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the host
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of the host

22
Q

negative feedbacks

A
  • Blood glucose level is regulated by the activities of several organs, particularly the pancreas and liver
  • Simple sugar (glucose) is carried from the intestine to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. In the liver, the simple sugar may be
    Converted to carbon dioxide and water, glycogen for storage, into fat, Released into the bloodstream
  • However, the liver cannot detect changes in blood glucose level.

BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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