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Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

The body system that defends against foreign invaders

A

The Immune System

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2
Q

The capacity to recognize foreign invaders (non-self)

A

Immunity

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3
Q

Microscopic bacteria or virus that get into the body

A

Microbe

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4
Q

Kills/damages microbes

A

Antimicrobial substance

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5
Q

Large molecules that elicit specific responses from hosts

A

Antigen

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6
Q

A specific discrete component of an antigen that attracts immune responses

A

Epitope

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7
Q

Collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease

A

Immune Response

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8
Q

2 types of immune response

A

1) Innate

2) Adaptive

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9
Q

A general response, it is the first line of defense.
We are born with it

> Rapid, early response, always the same
Primarily reacts to microbes
Relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
Includes external physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
Utilizes inflammation and fever
Fairly easy for microbes to adapt to
Stimulates adaptive response

A

Innate Immune Response

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10
Q

The first line of defense (external defenses) in Innate Immune Response

A

Skin and Mucous Membranes

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11
Q

Forms a protective film on the skin that inhibits the growth of certain microbes

A

Sebum

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12
Q

Can trap microbes, which can then be coughed or sneezed out of the body

A

Mucous

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13
Q

Present in tears and saliva

An enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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14
Q

The second line of defence (internal defenses) in Innate Immune Response

A
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Natural Killer Cell (NK Cells)
  • Phagocyte
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15
Q

Antimicrobial substances include

A
  • Interferons
  • The Compliment System
  • Iron Binding Proteins
  • Antimicrobial Proteins
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16
Q

A Specific Immune Response
Develops with exposure to foreign organisms/substances

> Slower response, develops in reaction to specific attributes of invader
Works with innate response to enhance reactivity
Attacks microbes and antigens
Generates Immunologic Memory - Subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response

A

Adaptive Immune Response

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17
Q

Primary Cells of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • B-Lymphocytes (B-cells)

- T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)

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18
Q

Two functions of Lymphocytes

A

1) Act as regulator cells

2) Act as effector cells

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19
Q

Assist in controlling and orchestrating the immune response

A

Regulator Cells (Lymphocytes)

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20
Q

Kill/eliminate the microbe or antigen

A

Effector Cells (Lymphocytes)

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21
Q

Phagocytes that kill or break apart an invader

A

Accessory Cells

22
Q

Cells that present antigens/ epitopes to killers

A

Dendritic Cells

23
Q

Immune cells and other immune materials (eg antibodies), circulating in the blood and lymph

A

Humoral Immunity

24
Q

Key Players in Humoral immunity

Very good at recognizing microbes and antigens

They produce Antibodies

A

B-Cells

25
Q

When a B-Cell reaches full maturation it is called

A

Plasma Cell

26
Q

Plasma Cells produce and secrete

A

Antibodies (aka Immunoglobulins)

*Antibodies are designed for a specific antigen (lock and key)

27
Q

Where Antibodies bind to antigens

*They then either kill the invader or present them to T-Cells or Macrophages

A

Epitopes

28
Q

B-Cells that do not participate in the initial immune response.

They stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs

A

Memory Cells

29
Q

5 Types of Antibodies

A

1) IgG
2) IgA
3) IgM
4) IgD
5) IgE

“Go And Make Dumb Excuses”

30
Q

> 70-80% of antibodies are this type
The only Ig to cross the placenta
Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues
Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
Activates Killer Cells
Activates the Compliment system

A

IgG

31
Q

> Antibody
Predominant in saliva, tears, nasal and respiratory secretions
Also in breast milk
Blocks entry of organisms into the eyes, gut, respiratory and urinary tracts
Protect Mucosa

A

IgA

32
Q 
> Antibody
> Doesn't leave the blood or lymph
> Early responder
> First Ig formed after immunization
> Activates complement system
> Forms natural ABO blood antibodies
A

IgM

33
Q

> Antibody
Present in small amounts
Needed for B-Cell maturation

A

IgD

34
Q

> Antibody
Tiny amounts in plasma
Binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
Attracts eosinophils, responds to parasites
Overreaction involved in allergic/ hypersensitivity reactions (Asthma, etc)

A

IgE

*Can be a genetic predisposition to producing excess IgE

35
Q

Cells that bind to and/or breakdown antigens

They present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable

A

Antigen presenting Cells

36
Q

3 types of cells that act as antigen presenting cells

A

1) B-Cells
2) Macrophages
3) Dendritic cells

*Antibodies can also work in the same way

37
Q

Antigen presenting cells present antigens to?

A

T-Cells

  • Sometimes phagocytosing cells
38
Q

Antibody and Antigen

A

Immune Complex

39
Q

Cells responsible for cell-mediated/ cellular immunity,

They work via cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune cells

A

T-Cells

40
Q

Types of T-Cells

A

> T-Helper Cells aka CD-4 Cells (up-regulation)
Regulatory T-Cells aka Tregs (down-regulation)
T-Cytotoxic aka CD-8 Cells

41
Q

The Key regulatory cells of the Immune System

A

T-Helper Cells

*They release messenger compounds that activate and regulate activities of other cells (B and T Cells)

42
Q

These cells suppress/modify immune responses (decrease immune cell production)

A

Regulatory T-Cells

43
Q

These cells destroy identified/presented antigens

They kill virus-infected cells and are involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence

A

T-Cytotoxic

44
Q

A group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility.

In humans they are called…?

A

a) Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

b) Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

45
Q

2 Classes of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), and their location

A

Class 1 - on all cell surfaces

Class 2 - on immune system cells

46
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are key factors in determining?

A

Self from Nonself

They lead to T-Cells attacking, or ignoring, an antigen

47
Q

The mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues

A

Auto-Immunity

48
Q

Disorders that refer to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage

Has 4 categories of responses

A

Hypersensitivity Disorders

49
Q

Mediated by IgE, which releases inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells.

Begins rapidly, often minutes after an antigen challenge

Often referred to as an allergic reaction (antigen = allergen)

Varies in Severity:
> Mild (ex Seasonal allergies)
> Severely Debilitating (ex Asthma)
> Life Threatening (ex Anaphylaxis)

Reactions can be local (atopic) or systemic (anaphylaxis)

A

Type I - Immediate Hypersensitivity

50
Q

Mediated by IgM or IgG, directed against target on cell surfaces of extracellular tissue.

Characterized by the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction

A

Type II - Antibody Mediated Hypersensitivity

51
Q

Mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, compliment fixation and localized Inflammation

Involves IgM and IgG

Immune complexes formed in the circulation produce damage when they come into contact with the vessel lining

A

Type III - Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity

52
Q

Mediated by specific sensitized T-lymphocytes manifested as sub-acute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of the tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages and a variable degree of necrosis

A

Type IV - Delayed or Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity

Systems (2 decks)

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