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IM1 Exam 6 > Immunity/Reaction > Flashcards

Immunity/Reaction Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease

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2
Q

immunity - chart

A
  • responds to threats on an individualized basis
  • split it into innate immunity and acquired immunity
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3
Q

innate immunity - chart

A

genetically determined - no prior exposure or antibody production involved

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4
Q

acquired immunity - chart

A

produced by prior exposure or antibody production
- split into active immunity and passive immunity

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5
Q

active immunity - chart

A

(body is creating antibodies)
produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens
(immune response)
- split into naturally acquired immunity and induced active immunity

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6
Q

passive immunity - chart

A

(get antibodies from someone else)
produced by transfer of antibodies from another person
- split into induced passive immunity and natural passive immunity

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7
Q

naturally acquired immunity - chart

A

develops after exposure to antigens in environment
(ex: had flu, got flu again and now body knows how to fight it off)

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8
Q

induced active immunity - chart

A

develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease
(vaccine, deactivated disease given in vaccine so body learns how to fight it off)

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9
Q

induced passive immunity - chart

A

conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection
(ex: covid antibodies from someone else)

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10
Q

natural passive immunity - chart

A

conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk
(ex: vaccine given to pregnant mother or breast milk)

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11
Q

nutrition is vital to immunity

A

really good nutrition can fight off infection, can help with:
- innate immunity: natural ability to fight off infection
- anti-inflammation: some foods are anti-inflammatory
- anti-aging: foods high in collagen
- anti-cancer: ex: greens high in alkaline from terminal patient’s mother example

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12
Q

attributes of immunity

A
  • normal WBC and differential counts
  • negative bacterial and viral cultures
  • soft, non-tender lymph nodes
  • recognition of self: autoimmune diseases don’t have this, self attacks self, WBC?
  • recognition of foreign proteins: body should have natural response when recognizes that something is foreign and only recognize foreign stuff as foreign
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13
Q

malnutrition - protein

A

risk factors:
- psychological, social and environmental
- oral and dental disorders
- swallowing disorders
- psychiatric disorders
- changes in mental status
- other neurological disorders
- long-term drug therapy/polymedication
- acute/chronic disease
- dependency of ADLs
- restrictive diets
causes:
- social isolation, grieving, finances, mistreatment, hospitalization, change in lifestyle
- poorly fitted dentures, mouth dryness, poor dental status, taste disorders, oral mucosa disorders
- dysphagia
- eating disorders, depressive disorders
- confusion
- stroke
- loss of appetite, dry mouth, drowsiness
- pain, constipation, disability
- need assistance with cooking, eating, mobility
- physician order diets or slimming diets

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14
Q

antigen

A

proteins that induce an immune response when they enter the body. antigens can be found within:
- microorganisms
- vaccines
- transplanted organs
- allergens (animal dander, pollen, foods)
(antigens are foreigns proteins that body recognizes as foreign)

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15
Q

inflammation

A

cellular response to injury, infection or irritation
- localized signs and symptoms: (just at site of the invasion)
– redness
– swelling
– heat
– pain
– loss of function
- systemic signs and symptoms:
– fever
– increased white blood cells
– malaise: groggy, tired
– anorexia
– nausea/vomiting
– lymph node tenderness/enlargement
– organ failure

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16
Q

inflammatory response

A

inflammation is a non-specific response to something that is harmful to the body (e.g., infection, injury, or allergen)
(antibodies are specific to antigens, inflammation is not specific)

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17
Q

chronic inflammation

A

chronic response
- cause of inflammation remains active
- tissue destruction continues
- scar tissue may continue to form rather than normal functional tissue
- response to infection is inadequate
- patient experiences chronic symptoms (e.g., pain)
inflammation plays a role in many chronic diseases

18
Q

allergic response

A
  • hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone
    – mild (sensitivity)
    – life threatening (severe allergy)
  • histamine released
  • body produces antibody to the substance
19
Q

factors increasing host susceptibility to infection

A
  • developmental
  • breaks in the first line of defense
  • illness or injury/chronic disease
  • smoking
  • substance abuse
  • multiple sex partners
  • environmental factors (pollution, no clean water)
  • invasive procedures
  • suppressed immune system/medications
20
Q

malnutrition

A
  • infections are frequent and chronic in malnutrition
  • protein - energy malnutrition results in thymus changes
  • micronutrients deficiency affects innate and adaptive immune response
21
Q

micronutrients

A
  • iron
  • zinc
  • copper
  • selenium
  • vitamins
22
Q

vitamins

A
  • C
  • D
  • A
  • E
  • B6
  • B12
  • Folate
  • zinc
  • iron
  • copper
  • selenium
23
Q

factors that contribute to compromised immune function -> increased risk of infection

A

lead to poor diet:
- hectic, stressful lifestyle -> fast food, energy-dense but micronutrient-poor food
- sedentary lifestyle, obesity
- low income, lack of fresh, nutritious food
- restricted diet
poor diets -> suboptimal nutritional status ->
lead to compromised immune function:
- pollution, cigarette smoke
- chronic stress (physical and psychological)
- sleep disturbances/deprivation
- excessive alcohol consumption
- prolonged, excessive exercise
compromised immune function -> increased risk of infection

24
Q

stress and immune system

A
  • corticosteroid: stress hormone suppresses the immune system
  • decreases T cells
  • unhealthy coping strategies
    – drinking
    – smoking
    – insomnia
25
Q

exercise

A
  • increase T-cells
  • lower levels of inflammation
  • causes WBC to circulate more rapidly
  • greater response to vaccines
  • flushes out toxins from the body through sweat, urine and respiratory tract
26
Q

older adult

A
  • less able to distinguish self from non-self
  • macrophages destroy antigens more slowly
  • T-cells respond less quickly to antigens
  • white blood cells are fewer therefore the body is less able to remember and defend itself
  • antibodies become less able to attach to antigens
  • decrease in thirst therefore an increase in UTIs
27
Q

nursing interventions

A
  • nutrition
  • hygiene/hand hygiene
  • immunization
  • adequate rest and exercise
  • education
28
Q

now onto

A

reaction ppt

29
Q

pathophysiology

A

primary mediator of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is immunoglobulin E (IgE)

30
Q

allergy type 1

A
  • allergy
  • deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to exogenous antigens
  • most common allergies are Type 1
  • pollen, mold, fungi, foods, animals, dust, and almost anything we encounter in our environment
  • atopic-genetic predisposed (if both parents have egg allergy, 80% chance child has it, if mother is allergic, more common that child will have it than if just father is allergic)
    (allergy = exogenous antigens)
31
Q

allergy signs and symptoms

A
  • watery, runny eyes
  • runny nose
  • sneezing
  • nasal congestion
  • an itchy rash or hives
32
Q

anaphylaxis

A
  • immediate Type 1 hypersensitivity
  • rapid release of IgE-mediated chemicals
  • induces severe, life-threatening allergic reaction
  • food, drug, and insect bites
    (anaphylaxis = most severe form of type 1 hypersensitivity)
33
Q

anaphylaxis signs and symptoms

A

lungs:
- trouble breathing or noisy breathing
- coughing, wheezing
- sneezing
- congestion
- tightness in lungs
- hoarseness
heart and blood vessels:
- chest pain
- low blood pressure
- weak, rapid pulse
- dizziness, fainting
skin:
- pale or flushed skin
- hives or welts
- itchy skin
- sweating
mouth:
- swelling of throat, face, lips or tongue
stomach and digestion:
- abdominal pain
- nausea, vomiting
- diarrhea

34
Q

anaphylaxis picture

A

neurologic:
- headache
- dizziness
- paresthesia (numbness in certain areas)
- feeling of impending doom
skin:
- pruritus
- angioedema
- erythema
- urticaria
respiratory:
- hoarseness
- coughing
- sensation of narrowed airway
- wheezing
- stridor
- dyspnea, tachypnea
- respiratory arrest
cardiovascular:
- hypotension
- dysrhythmias
- tachycardia
- cardiac arrest
gastrointestinal:
- cramping, abdominal pain
- nausea, vomiting
- diarrhea

35
Q

IgE

A
  • reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells
    (antigens are introduced in the body and IgE has specific reactions to that)
36
Q

treatment

A
  • 1st line of defense: epinephrine (for anaphylaxis)
  • benadryl (doesn’t help in anaphylaxis but for milder symptoms yes)
    (pepsid can help with symptoms in stomach)
37
Q

anaphylactic reaction picture

A
  • rapid onset (immediately or within 5-10 minutes)
  • dyspnea: tight throat, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema
  • feelings of apprehension
  • tingling and swelling in mouth, face, throat and tongue
  • itching
  • decreased BP
  • tachycardia
  • loss of consciousness
  • causes: insect stings (bee, wasp, ant), medication reaction, food allergy (peanuts, eggs, shellfish)
38
Q

EPI-pen

A
  • dosage: 0.3mg IM, one time use
  • light sensitive, keep in storage tube
  • administer in thigh
  • very expensive
39
Q

epinephrine

A
  • action: adrenergic response
  • route:
    – SQ:
    — onset 5-10 mins
    — peak 20 mins
    — duration 1-4 hrs
    – IM:
    — onset 6-12 mins
    — peak unknown
    — duration 1-4 hrs
    – IV:
    — onset rapid
    — peak 20 mins
    — duration 20-30 mins
40
Q

ephinephrine for anaphylactic reaction

A
  • SQ, IM: 0.1-0.5 mg (not to exceed 1mg); may repeat every 10-15 mins
  • IV: 0.25mg every 5-15 mins, may be followed by 1-4mcg continuous infusion
    (continuous infusion can be used if bad anaphylaxis that isn’t getting better)
41
Q

benadryl

A
  • action: antagonizes the effects of histamine at the receptor site
  • route:
    – PO:
    — onset 15-60 mins
    — peak 2-4 hrs
    — duration 4-8 hrs
    – IM:
    — onset 20-30 mins
    — peak 2-4 hrs
    — duration 4-8 hrs
    – IV:
    — onset rapid
    — peak unknown
    — duration 4-8 hrs
    (IV benadryl used typically when going to give med that is known to cause allergy symptoms, like a med in renal that gives almost everyone some kind of allergic reaction)
42
Q

benadryl for anaphylactic reaction

A
  • PO: 25-50mg every 4-6 hrs, not to exceed 300mg/day
  • IM, IV: 25-50mg every 4 hrs, not to exceed 400mg/day

IM1 Exam 6 (3 decks)

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