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Vet Year 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which answer is correct? After antibody class switch…

-B cells do not secrete IgE and IgA anymore.

-None of the listed answers

-all B cells secrete IgG instead of IgM.

-some of the B cells secrete other classes of antibodies with the same antigen specificity.

-some of the B cells secrete other antibody classes with different antigen specificities.

A

some of the B cells secrete other classes of antibodies with the same antigen specificity.

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2
Q

Th1 immune responses are commonly associated with ?

-Th2 cells and antibodies

-All of the answers listed

-IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

-IgE antibodies

-viral infections

A

viral infections

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3
Q

True or false? - Antimicrobial peptides control the bacterial load on mucosal surfaces in a non-selective manner?

A

True

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4
Q

What is the correct order when describing phagocytosis ?

A

Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Microbial Killing

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5
Q

Mast cells…

-have surface-bound IgA molecules

-phagocytose antigen

-are very important to combat viral infections

-are granulocytes that secrete histamine

A

are granulocytes that secrete histamine

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6
Q

What are naive T cells?

-T cells that don’t have CD4+ or CD8+ on their s-surface.

-T cells that express the TCR but have not encountered their antigen yet.

-T cells that don’t have a TCR and have not -encountered their antigen.

-T cells that show cytotoxicity towards infected cells.

A

T cells that express the TCR but have not encountered their antigen yet.

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7
Q

CD4+ T helper cells can differentiate into…

-Plasma cells

-Cytotoxic T cells

-NK cells

-Th1 cells

A

Th1 cells

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8
Q

IgG is a

-Small antibody

-All of the answers listed

-Produced by M cells

-None of the answers listed

-Found in large quantities at the mucosal surfaces

A

Small antibody

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9
Q

Which of the following is not part of the humoral immune response?

-IL-8 and IL-1

-IgG

-acute phase proteins

-Cytotoxic T cells

-GM-CSF and CCL3

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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10
Q

Antimicrobial peptides …

-used in the thymus to select T cells specific for microbes

-presented via MHC

-help to control invaders early during an infection

A

help to control invaders early during an infection

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11
Q

Macrophages differentiate from white blood cells called ________, which derive from stem cells in the ________.

-Monocytes; skin

-Phagosomes; bone marrow

-Monocytes; bone marrow

-Phagosomes; liver

A

Monocytes; bone marrow

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12
Q

Humoral immunity is a type of adaptive immunity that results in the circulation of which of the following?

-Natural Killer cells

-Cytokines

-Antibodies

-Antigens

-Immunocomplexes

A

Antibodies

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13
Q

Which of the cell types below is NOT considered an antigen-presenting cell?

-B cell

-Dendritic cell

-Natural Killer Cell

-Histiocyte

-Alveolar Macrophage

A

Natural Killer Cell

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14
Q

Helminths are large extracellular parasites. Our defense against them relies heavily on which cells?

-Eosinophils

-NK cells

-Cytotoxic T cells

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

Which of the following is false?

-Mature dendritic cells lost their endocytic activity and migrate through the lymphatics towards secondary lymphoid tissues.

-In secondary lymphoid organs, mature dendritic cells present antigen to T cells.

-Immature dendritic cells express high levels of MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules

-Immature dendritic cells are located in peripheral tissues and are effective phagocytes

A

Immature dendritic cells express high levels of MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules

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16
Q

What two functions do phagocytes have in immune responses?

-Production of antibodies and destruction of pathogens

-Alerting other cells and production of antibodies

-Destruction of pathogens and alerting other cells

-Serving as a physical barrier against pathogen invasion and destruction of pathogens

A

Destruction of pathogens and alerting other cells

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17
Q

True or false: IgA activates mast cells

A

False

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18
Q

True or false: T helper cells release granzymes

A

False

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19
Q

Mast cells get activated through

-Interferon gamma

-Antimicrobial peptides

-Fc-Receptor binding

A

Fc-Receptor binding

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20
Q

Neutrophils are phagocytes but not antigen presenting cells. Does that mean that they

-Are not travelling in the body?

-Don’t have MHC on the surface?

-Phagocytose material but don’t present it to T cells

-Take up foreign material and present it macrophages?

A

Phagocytose material but don’t present it to T cells

21
Q

Neutrophils can release NETS. These are to

-Attract Macrophages

-Catch pathogens

-Bind to blood vessel wall

-Activate T cells

A

Catch pathogens

22
Q

Basophils release predominantly molecules that are needed

-increase release of antimicrobial peptides

-to modulate the immune response

-for phagocytosis

-to modulate the immune response

A

to modulate the immune response

23
Q

True or false? CD4 molecules bind directly to the antigen presented by MHC II molecules?

A

False

24
Q

Which of the following is FALSE ?

-T cell receptors must be able to recognize self MHC molecules

-Each T cell and B cell has a receptor that is highly specific for one particular antigen

-Antigen receptors on naïve T cells (TCR) and B cells (BCR) exist before these lymphocytes encounter the antigen

-T cells and B cells recognize antigen in the same manner

A

T cells and B cells recognize antigen in the same manner

25
Q

Which answer is correct? Activated B cells differentiate into…..

-Lymphoid progenitor cells

-Plasmacells

-Histiocytes

-Naive B cells

A

Plasmacells

26
Q

SCID pigs….

-show thymic hyperplasia

-typically have microscopically normal lymphoid tissue (primary and secondary)

-lack an innate immune system

-provide a valuable tool to investigate NK cells

A

provide a valuable tool to investigate NK cells

27
Q

Which is NOT a function of soluble antibody?

-Opsonization

-Neutralization

-B cell activation

-Mast cell and basophil degranulation

-Complement activation

-Agglutination

A

B cell activation

28
Q

Neutrophils destroy pathogens

-in response to release of IL-13

-when interferon is being released by a mast cell

-that have been attacked by macrophages

-through release of nitric oxide

-None of the answers listed

-when antigen is presented to them

A

through release of nitric oxide

29
Q

What can be part of immune cell communication or activation?

-Complement factors

-Growth factors and hormones

-Cell-cell contact

-Catecholamines like adrenaline and epinephrine

-All of the listed answers

-Cytokines and chemokines

A

All of the listed answers

30
Q

Th2 immune responses are NOT commonly associated with:

-parasitic infections

-IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

-T cells and antibodies

-Cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

31
Q

Complement is an evolutionary old system consisting of >30 blood proteins. It

-leads to immune cell recruitment

-is only activated when no other response is effective

-requires MHC1 to get activated

A

leads to immune cell recruitment

32
Q

Which answer is correct? Eosinophils…..

-None of the listed answers

-have very few cell surface receptors.

-release highly toxic proteins and have a short half life

-are needed for a Th1 response.

-are predominantly found in the blood.

-All of the listed answers

A

release highly toxic proteins and have a short half life

33
Q

True or false: Eosinophils release large quantities of IL-12

A

False

34
Q

Innate immunity is

-Critical for the release of T cells from the thymus

-A part of the immune response activated by recognition of specific antigens

-Needed to maintain a Treg response

-None of the answers listed

A

None of the answers listed

35
Q

Cytotoxic T cells release

-Interleukin 5

-Granzymes

-Antimicrobial peptides

-Antibodies

A

Granzymes

36
Q

Which cells link the innate and adaptive immune system?

-Mast cells

-NK cells

-Dendritic cells and macrophages

-Dendritic cells

-T helper cells

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

37
Q

Basophils are important drivers of a …. response (fill the gap with):

-Th1

-Th5

-Th2

-Th4

A

Th2

38
Q

What is the phagolysosome?

-A cell component needed for the destruction of pathogens

-A receptor within the cell enabling the cell to load antigens onto the MHC molecule

-A compartment in the lymph node in which follicular T helper cells stimulate B cells

-A compartment in which pattern recogniton receptors are being destroyed

A

A cell component needed for the destruction of pathogens

39
Q

Does the innate immune system differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and influenza virus ?

-No, because both are recognized through the same innate receptors.

-No, innate immune cells only recognize viral pathogens.

-Yes, innate immune cells recognize different classes of pathogens.

-Yes, because innate immune cells recognize specific antigens that allow them to mount specific responses for each pathogen.

A

Yes, innate immune cells recognize different classes of pathogens.

40
Q

Mast cells get activated by binding of

-IgA

-Interleukin 8

-Complement

A

Complement

41
Q

Plasma cells

-secrete large amounts of Interferon gamma

-are derived from T-cells

-have a thin layer of cytoplasm

-develop into B-cells

-none of the above

A

none of the above

42
Q

True or False: Macrophages have no cell surface receptors.

A

False

43
Q

IgE is

-Needed for parasitic infections

-Involved in mast cell release

-Associated with Th2 cells

-An immunoglobulin

-All of the answers listed

A

All of the answers listed

44
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immune System. What is correct?

-The Adaptive and Innate immune system developed evolutionary at the same time

-Adaptive immunity is the evolutionary older arm of the immune system

-Adaptive immunity is present in all animals (vertebrates and invertebrates)

-Innate immunity plays a crucial role in simpler life forms

A

Innate immunity plays a crucial role in simpler life forms

45
Q

Which of the following regarding CD8+ T cells is true? They…

-none of the answers listed

-secrete perforin and granzyme to stimulate production of antibodies

-require 2 signals for activation

-secrete IL-5

-secrete perforin and granzyme to kill infected cells

A

secrete perforin and granzyme to kill infected cells

46
Q

What characterizes immature dendritic cells?

-Ability to quickly release antigen

-Ability to present antigen

-Phagocytose antigen

-Ability to talk to neutrophils

A

Phagocytose antigen

47
Q

Clonal selection occurs when antigen is encountered by

-Neutrophils

-T cells

-Mast cells

A

T cells

48
Q

M2 macrophages are

-None of the answers listed

-Required for neutrophil recruitment

-Pro-inflammatory cells

-Interact with eosinophils to fight allergies

A

None of the answers listed

49
Q

Eosinophils

-appear red when stained with H&E

-are involved in positive and negative selection in thymus

-secrete large amounts of IgA

-secrete complement receptor

A

appear red when stained with H&E

Vet Year 1 (4 decks)

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