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patho 2015 > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

5 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. very specific
  2. memory
  3. antibodies
  4. exposure=strength
  5. acquired after birth
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2
Q

what line of defense is inflammation

A

2nd line

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3
Q

neutrophils are:

A

the predominant phagocytes arriving early at inflammatory and infection sites

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4
Q

macrophages

A

function for a loner time and later in the in inflammatory response and are involved in the activation of the adaptive immune system

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5
Q

natural killer cells

A

recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

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6
Q

interferon

A

prevents virus from infecting healthy host cells

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7
Q

the C3b subcomponent of complement

A

opsonizes microbes to facilitate phagocytosis

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8
Q

A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation is a?

A

chemotactic factor

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9
Q

It is true that mast cells

A

release histamine that causes inflammation

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10
Q

An acidic, sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine is a

A

leukotriene

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11
Q

An acidic, sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine is a

A

leukotriene

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12
Q

mast cells 2 fxns

A

degranulation

synthesis of arachidonic acid

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13
Q

what does degranulation do

A

make histamine

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14
Q

fxn of leukotrienes

A

similar to histamine

increase inflammation and WBCs

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15
Q

fxn of prostaglandins

A

same as leukotrienes and PAIN

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16
Q

thromboxane fxn

A

increase vasoconstriction and clotting

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17
Q

prostacyclin fxn

A

decrease pain, inflammation, and clotting

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18
Q

what cells are capable of diapedesis

A

neutrophils

monocytes

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19
Q

primary function of natural killer cells

A

kill self cells if infected by vires or abnormal cell (aka prevent cancer)

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20
Q

interferon fxn

A

chemical to induce response to viral infections

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21
Q

kinin system fxn

A

same as prostaglandins (pain) but more intense pain

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22
Q

complement system fxn

A

“sprinkles” (proteins) made in liver activate proteins on the surface of cells
healthy cells remove complement
infected cell doesn’t remove it which flags it for destruction

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23
Q

what makes complement proteins

A

liver

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24
Q

loss of tolerance means what

A

autoimmune disease

25
Q

IgG

A

most abundant

transported across the placenta

26
Q

IgM

A

first antibody made during infection

synthesized during infancy

27
Q

IgA

A

breast milk

UTI prevention

28
Q

IgD

A

low concentration…we don’t know!

29
Q

IgE

A

allergies

parasites

30
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

1: anaphylaxis
2: cytotoxic
3: complex mediated
4: delayed

31
Q

anaphylactic hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and thus what type of cell?

A

mast cells

32
Q

what cells mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity?

A

phagocytes and IgM or IgG antibodies

33
Q

what cells are involved in complex mediated hypersensitivity?

A

NO CELLS!!

the plasma makes antibodies that agglutinate and travel in the blood…eventually clot in retina or nephron

34
Q

what is serum sickness?

A

complex mediated hypersensitivity

35
Q

alloimmunity

A

attackign what would help us

36
Q

A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it

A

can spread far from the tissue of origin

37
Q

Cancer of the connective tissue is referred to as a:

A

sarcoma

38
Q

A cancerous tumor that is very poorly differentiated is referred to as being

A

anaplastic

39
Q

Which gene in its normal state negatively regulates cell proliferation?

A

tumor suppressor genes

40
Q

A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base-pairs is described as a:

A

point mutation

41
Q

A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base-pairs is described as a:

A

point mutation

42
Q

The name for the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as:

A

angiogenesis

43
Q

When a patient is diagnosed with a benign tumor, it can be assumed that the tumor is:

A

well encapsulated

well differentiated

44
Q

Regarding the immune response in humans, it is true that

A

generation of clonal diversity occurs in primary lymphoid organs

45
Q

The humoral arm of the immune system is described as when

A

antibodies are primarily responsible for protection.

46
Q

the precise portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is best described as the:

A

epitope

47
Q

An antigen that is too small to initiate an immune response is a(n):

A

hapten

48
Q

the function of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte is the:

A

direct killing of abnormal cells

49
Q

It is accurate to describe the humoral response as:

A

becoming activated upon recognition of an antigen.

50
Q

Serum sickness is

A

caused by the formation of immune complexes

51
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding organ transplant rejection?

A

it is a type IV hypersensitivity

52
Q

Which is true for a patient who is transfused with a unit of unmatched packed RBCs? The unit:

A

is type O blood and will have neither A nor B antigens.

53
Q

A patient who is a type AB+ blood will:

A

produce no anti-D antibodies.

54
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions include: Select all that apply.

A

type I IgE allergic reactions.
type II tissue-specific reactions.
type III immune complex reactions.
type IV cell mediated reactions.

55
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions include: Select all that apply.

A

type I IgE allergic reactions.
type II tissue-specific reactions.
type III immune complex reactions.
type IV cell mediated reactions.

56
Q

The action of histamine results in the: Select all that apply.

A

increase of vascular permeability.
formation of edema.
increase of blood flow into the affected area.
bronchoconstriction.

57
Q

The mechanism by which a type II hypersensitivity reaction affects cells includes which of the following? Select all that apply.

A

The cell is destroyed by antibody and complement.
Antibody may cause phagocytosis.
Components of neutrophils will release their granules.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

58
Q

An example of type IV sensitivity reactions would include: Select all that apply.

A

graft rejection.
skin test for tuberculosis.
autoimmune processes.
poison ivy

patho 2015 (4 decks)

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