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Immunology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is IgA usually found?

A

IgA is a secretory immunoglobulin found in mucous membranes mouth, respiratory system and genitourinary tracts, saliva and tears and protects mucosal surfaces from pathogens. It is also found in colostrum and transmits immunity to the baby - it is resistant to gastric acid

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2
Q

What is IgM?

A

The first immunoglobulin to be released in response to an antigen by the B cells (early response antibody), it is the first antibody to be produced by neonates

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3
Q

What is IgG?

A

The most common antibody in circulation. Key to fetal immunity because it crosses the placenta

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4
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer?

A

IgM (The largest antibody - first response to antigens and first antibody produced by the neonate)

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5
Q

Which immunoglobulin is commonly a dimer?

A

IgA (produced in the mucosal surfaces and in breast milk)

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6
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?

A

Five

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7
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated - IGE (antigen binds to mast cells - causing degranulation, releasing histamine, causing vasodilation) - seen in allergy/atopy/anaphylaxis

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8
Q

Give examples of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylaxis/allergy/atopy/asthma

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9
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated - antibody (either IgG, IgM or MAC) attaches to host/normal body antigen causing the body to attack that cell as foreign with cytotoxic mediators

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10
Q

Give examples of a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

autoimune haemolytic anaemia, graves disease, myasthenia gravis, good pastures syndrome, rheumatic fever, erythroblastosis fetalis, haemolytic disease of the newborn

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11
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated- IgG binds to antigens forming an immune COMPLEX

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12
Q

Give examples of type 3 hypersenitivity reaction

A

SLE, rheumatoid arthritis

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13
Q

What causes erthroblastosis fetalis?

A

Haemolytic disease of the newborn - type 2 hypersensitivity reaction, Rh negative mother and Rh positive fetus in first pregnancy (blood mixing) - Rh factor presents to mother and mother produces antibodies - second baby gets haemolytic disease of the newborn

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14
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T cell mediated - delayed type hypersensitivity - 1-3days - antigen presented to T cells by antigen presenting cells-becomes sensitised-memory T cells re-activated-activates macrophages

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15
Q

Give examples of type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

contact dermatitis, mantoux test, T1DM, graft vs host disease, multiple sclerosis

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16
Q

What is an autograft?

A

When tissue from an individual is transplanted to another site in the same individual (i.e. grafting skin from one area to cover another)

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17
Q

What is an allograft?

A

When tissue from one individual is transplanted to another individual of the same species (i.e. a kidney transplant or a growing fetus)

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18
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

when tissue from is transplanted from one species to another i.e. pig heart valve to human

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19
Q

When does the fetus start producing IgM?

A

10-11 weeks

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20
Q

When does materno-fetal transfer of fetal IgG start?

A

At 12 weeks

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21
Q

First Ig to be synthesised in the neonate

A

IgM

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22
Q

Ig providing Passive immunity via the placenta

A

IgG

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23
Q

Ig Immunity through breast milk

A

IgA in colostrum

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24
Q

What is an antigen presenting cell?

A

Any immune cell that can present antigens via major histocompatibility complex type 1 to T cells

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25
Q

What is a professional antigen presenting cell?

A

Any immune cell that can present antigens via both major histocompatibility complex types 1 and 2. type 2 allows presentation to CD4 T cells (helper cells) and CD8+ cells (cytotoxic t cells)

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26
Q

Which cells are professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells (they all have MHC type 2 and can present to CD4 helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

27
Q

Which cells are T helper cells?

A

CD4 T cells

28
Q

Which cells are cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8+ T cells

29
Q

When does trans placental maternal IgG transfer begin?

A

12 weeks gestation

30
Q

When does the fetus start to produce IgM

A

Week 10-11

31
Q

What is the function of complement proteins?

A

innate immune system
opsonisation - macrophages detect and kill pathogens
membrane attack complexes - kill pathogens

32
Q

What are the three compliment pathways?

A

classical, lectin, alternate

33
Q

What do all complement pathways do?

A

cleave c3 to c3a and c3b

34
Q

Role of c3a

A

enhances inflammation (mast cell release of histamine)

35
Q

Role of C3b

A

opsonisation (thioester bonds) - macrophage

cell lysis by membrane attack complexes

36
Q

How is the lectin pathway initiated?

A

complements bind directly to carbohydrate on pathogens

37
Q

What are the products of the lectin pathway and classical pathway?

A

Both pathways result in c3 convertase (c4b2a)

38
Q

How is the classical pathway activated?

A

binding of antibodies to antigens

39
Q

How is the alternative pathway activated?

A

C3b on pathogens from lectin pathway and classical pathway

40
Q

What is the product of the alternative pathway?

A

c3bBb (c3 convertase)

41
Q

c4b2a vs c3bBb

A

both c3 convertase
but c4b2a = lectin and classical pathway
and c3bBb = alternative pathway

42
Q

How do macrophages bind to pathogens

A

c5a to c3b

43
Q

How do you build membrane attack complex

A

requires c5b

44
Q

Th cells in pregnancy

A 
Th1 suppressed (TNFalpha/IL2/IFN-y)
Th2 increased
45
Q

cytokines increased in pregnancy

A

IL3 and IL10

46
Q

pre-cursor of red blood cells

A

myeloid progenitor>erythroblast>reticulocyte

47
Q

precursor of platelets

A

myeloid progenitor> megakaryocyte> megakaryote (secretes platelets)

48
Q

Granulocytes

A

stem from myeloblasts

include basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

49
Q

precursor of monocytes

A

myeloid progenitor> myeloblasts> monocytes

50
Q

precursor of mast cells

A

myeloid progenitor> myeloblasts> mast cells

51
Q

First leucocytes to arrive on the scene in inflammation

A

neutrophils (granulocytes)

52
Q

difference between mast cells and granulocytes

A

granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils) all circulate in the blood whereas mast cells are found in tissues

53
Q

What is the difference between a circulating monocyte and a monocyte in tissues?

A

circulating monocyte = a monocyte

tissue monocyte = macrophage

54
Q

precursor of macrophages

A

myeloid progenitor>myeloblast>monocyte>macrophage

55
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

56
Q

precursor of dendritic cells

A

myeloid progenitor> dendritic cells

57
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

enter tissue and then present antigens to adaptive immune system

58
Q

Precursor of Natural killer cells

A

lymphoid progenitor cells

59
Q

Precursor of T cells

A

lymphoid progenitor> lymphoid precursor> thymus>T cells

60
Q

Immature B cells precursos

A

lymphoid progenitor cell> B cell precursor> blood> immature B cell

61
Q

What antibody is found in immature B cells?

A

IgM

62
Q

What do naive Cd8 t cells get activated by?

A

APC with MHC 1 with antigens

63
Q

How do naive Cd 4 cells become activated?

A

APC with MHC 2 antigens > t helper cells

64
Q

How do naive B cells become activated?

A

T helper cells (they present antigens via MHC2) to T helper cells and then either become plasma cells or memory cells

Immunology (2 decks)

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