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Year One - Principles of Disease > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two sections of the immune system?

A

Innate (non-specific)

Adaptive (specific)

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the adaptive immune response?

A

Passive

Active

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3
Q

What are the two types of processes that we gain BOTH passive and active immunity?

A

Natural methods

Artifical methods

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4
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the individual creates own antibodies towards the pathogen

Results in immunological memory

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5
Q

How can active immunity be naturally gained?

A

Individual being exposed to the infection

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6
Q

How can active immunity be artifically gained?

A

Individual recieving a vaccine

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7
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Individual recieves another individual’s antibodies

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8
Q

How can passive immunity be naturally gained?

A

Mother passing her antibodies through the placenta to her baby

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9
Q

How can passive immunity be artificially gained?

A

Immunoglobulin therapy

Immune cells

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10
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity?

A

Immediate protection

Obtained quickly

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

No immunological memory

Protection is temporary

Can result in serum sickness - incoming antibody is recognised as foreign

Anaphylaxis

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12
Q

What are the advantages of active immunity?

A

Long term immunity

Immunological memory

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13
Q

What are the diasadvantages of active immunity?

A

Takes weeks to develop

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14
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

A vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop an adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

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15
Q

What are the five different types of vaccinations?

A

Killed whole organism

Attenuated whole organism

Subunit

Conjugate

Toxoid

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16
Q

What are killed whole organism vaccinations?

A

Target the whole organism.

Created by inactivating a pathogen, typically using heat or chemicals.

This destroys the pathogen’s ability to replicate but keeps it ‘intact’ so that the immune system can still recognise it.

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17
Q

What are the advantages of killed whole organism vaccinations?

A

Can’t replicate, so they can’t revert to a more virulent form capable of causing disease.

Effective

Easy to manufacture

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of killed whole organism vaccinations?

A

Booster shoots likely to be required

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19
Q

What are attenuated whole organism vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations where the disease-causing virus is passed through a series of cell cultures.

Result in the virus losing its ability to replicate within human cells and its virulence.

However, it is still recognised by the body as foreign.

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20
Q

What are the advantages of attenuated whole organism vaccinations?

A

More effective than killed vaccinations

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of attenuated whole organism vaccinations?

A

Able to revert to its virulent form which can cause disease

Needs to be refrigerated

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22
Q

What are subunit vaccinations?

A

Subunit vaccines contains pieces of the pathogen.

Created by isolating recombinant proteins from the pathogen and presenting it as an antigen on its own.

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23
Q

What are the advantages of subunit vaccinations?

A

Very safe

Easy to manufacture.

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of subunit vaccinations?

A

Require an adjuvant to be effective

25
Q

What are conjugate vaccinations?

A

Contain pieces of the pathogens

Carbohydrate capsules act as an antigen. Carbohydrates are poor antigens, as they don’t stimulate the immune system as broadly as protein antigens.

Therefore, we link these carbohydrate capsules to a protein carrier to make them effective.

26
Q

What are toxoid vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations that protect an individual from a toxin rather than the bacterium that produces it.

Created using inactivated toxins, called toxoids. Inactivate toxins using heat and chemical methods.

27
Q

What is the temporary contraindication of vaccinations?

A

Ilness

Individuals who are pregnant are unable to receive vaccines

28
Q

What is the permanent contraindication of vaccinations?

A

Cause an allergic response

Individuals who are immunocompromised are unable to receive the vaccine as they may develop the disease.

29
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of the virus combine to form a new subtype that has a mixture of the surface antigens. This causes a massive change, as the new viruses are antigenically distinct from their precursors.

30
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Antigenic drift is a process which is when a virus undergoes mutations that result in the surface antigens changing. This is a much smaller change.

31
Q

What is the cold chain network?

A

The cold chain network is involved in maintaining product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration.

We ensure that the vaccines are stored and transported at the correct temperature ranges.

32
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity is when a large proportion of a community is immunised, reducing the likelihood of an un-immunised individual from coming in contact with the disease.

33
Q

How can vaccines protect individuals from cancer?

A

They can boost the immune system, like immunotherapy treatment. The immune system is then able to destroy the cancerous cells effectively.

34
Q

What is checkpoint inhibitor therapy?

A

A form of cancer immunotherapy.

Checkpoint inhibitor antibodies are able to bind to cancerous cells and induce T-cells to attack them. They therefore enhance the immune response.

35
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

An autoimmune disease results from immune system attacking self-cells in tissues where there is no sign of infection or pathogens.

36
Q

What can increase an individual’s chance of an autoimmune disease?

A

Environmental factors - certain stimuli can also make individuals more susceptible to tissue injury and inflammation, which results in the immune system being activated and antigen presenting cells being formed. They can bind to a self-reactive lymphocyte and activate it.

Genetics - certain genes are more susceptible to mutations that result in a failure of self-tolerance (e.g = HLA alleles)

37
Q

What do autoimmune diseases result in? How do we treat this?

A

Individuals being affected by a chronic long-term disorder, which have a low mortality but high morbidity.

Dealing with the symptoms rather than curing the disease

38
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

A harmful immune response that may produce tissue injury and cause serious disease

39
Q

What are the four hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

40
Q

What hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated?

A

Type I

Type II

Type III

41
Q

What hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated?

A

Type IV

42
Q

Why are cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions also referred to as delayed?

A

Involve T-cells, which take a few days to get into the circulation compared to antibodies

43
Q

What causes type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Re-exposure to an allergen.

B-cells are stimulated by T-cells to produce IgE antibodies specific to the allergen. The IgE antibodies bind to Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils and become “sensitised.” If the allergen enters the body again, they bind to the antibodies attached to the sensitised cells, which means they are activated and they release chemical mediators. These mediators cause a hypersensitivity reaction.

44
Q

What are the two classifications of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Immediate - occur minutes after exposure and includes the release of vasoactive mediators

Late-phase - occurs 2-24 hurst’s after exposure and includes the release of cytokines

45
Q

What determines the classification of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Depends on IgE levels, high levels result in a quicker response

46
Q

What is atopy?

A

The genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases.

47
Q

What increases atopy?

A

Immune response to common allergens

High levels of IgE

48
Q

What causes type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgG and IgM antibodies are directed against antigens on cells. Once bound, they recruit other cells, which can destroy the cell, such as neutrophils and macrophages. This lead to cell lysis and tissue damage.

49
Q

How long does it take for type II hypersensitivity reactions to develop?

A

2-24 hours

50
Q

What causes type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

An accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes that have not been cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of white blood cells, such as neutrophils

51
Q

What causes type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T-cells recognise foreign antigens on antigen-presenting cells. This results in the activation of T-cells which leads to Th-cells releasing cytokines. The overreaction of the Th cells and overproduction of cytokines causes tissue damage, inflammation and cell death.

52
Q

What is immunological tolerance?

A

State of unresponsiveness to a specific antigen, which would normally cause a hypersensitivity response.

53
Q

What is the problem with artificially achieving immunological tolerance?

A

Difficult to filter T-cells that result in hypersensitivity and those that fight pathogens

54
Q

What are systemic autoimmune diseases?

A

Autoimmune diseases that spread throughout the whole body and therefore affect more than one organ

55
Q

What are specific autoimmune diseases?

A

Autoimmune diseases directed against one organ

Year One - Principles of Disease (15 decks)

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