Immunology: Fundamentals, Cells Tissues and Organs

Question 1

Immune cells produced:

Answer 1

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Question 2

Immune cells perform their effector functions:

Answer 2

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Question 3

Antigen:

Answer 3

A molecule that stimulates an immune response.

- Usually a protein.

Question 4

Epitope:

Answer 4

The portion of the antigen molecule that interacts with the immune effector molecule or receptor.

Question 5

Paratope

Answer 5

The portion of an immune effector molecule or receptor that interacts with the epitope.

Question 6

Immunogenicity:

Answer 6

The capacity to stimulate the development of innate or acquired immunity.

Question 7

Antigenicity:

Answer 7

The ability to bind to immune effector molecules or cells such as the receptors on T cells.

Question 8

Innate Immunity:

Answer 8

The elimination of microbial agents through nonspecific protective mechanisms.

Question 9

Acquired immunity:

Answer 9

Elimination of microbial agents through specific protective mechanisms.
- Once cell, one peptide recognized.

Question 10

Cytokines:

Answer 10

Hormones made by immune effector cells.

- Autocrine or paracrine.

Question 11

Autoimmunity:

Answer 11

Inappropriate reactions to self antigens.

Question 12

Immunodeficiency:

Answer 12

Ineffective immune response.

Question 13

Hypersensitivity:

Answer 13

Overactive immune system.

Question 14

Humoral immunity:

Answer 14

B cells, antibody production.

Question 15

Cellular immunity:

Answer 15

T cells, helper and killer cells.

Question 16

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiates into (2):

Answer 16

1. Common lymphoid progenitor.

2. Common myeloid progenitor.

Question 17

Common myeloid progenitor differentiates into (2):

Answer 17

1. Granulocytes.

2. Monocytes.

Question 18

Common lymphoid progenitor differentiates into (3):

Answer 18

1. B cell
2. T cell
3. NK cell

Question 19

Granulocytes (3):

Answer 19

1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil

Question 20

Monocytes (2):

Answer 20

1. Dendritic cell

2. Macrophage

Question 21

Neutrophils:

Answer 21

• Effectors in the initial response to bacterial infection.
• Infiltrate areas of infection –> phagocytosis.
• Short lifespan.
• Pus = dead neutrophils.
• 40-60%

Question 22

Eosinophils:

Answer 22

• Granules contain Major Basic Protein, Eosinophil Cationic Protein, peroxidase and cytokines.
• Increase during parasitic infections allergies and hypersensitivity.
• Bi-lobed nucleus.
• 1-4%

Question 23

Basophils:

Answer 23

• Granules contain heparin, serotonin and histamine.
• Inflammatory response.
• Lie close to vasculature.
• Bi-lobed nucleus.
• Contribute to allergic immune responses
• 0.5-1%

Question 24

Mast Cells:

Answer 24

• Found only in tissues.
• Bi-lobed nucleus.
• Granules containing histamine and heparin.
• Reside close to blood vessels, skin, mucosa.
• Important for immune response to parasites and allergic immune response.

Question 25

Monocyte:

Answer 25

• Predominantly found in blood.
• Kidney-shaped nucleus.
• Weakly phagocytic, weakly microbicidal.
• Differentiates to macrophage or dendritic cell upon leaving blood.
• 2-8%

Question 26

Macrophage:

Answer 26

• Predominantly found in tissue sites.
• Strongly phagocytic and microbicidal.
• Promote tissue repair.

Question 27

Dendritic cell:

Answer 27

• Predominantly found in tissue sites.
• Strongly phagocytic.
• Activates T helper cells.
• Take up antigen from environment, process it to peptides, present to T cells.

Question 28

NK cells:

Answer 28

• Tissues and blood.
• Kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
• CD3-, CD16+, CD56+
• Release gamma interferon.
• 5%

Question 29

B cells:

Answer 29

• Make antibody.
• Very specific for single antigen.
• Some remain as memory cells.
• CD19+, CD20+, CD22+

Question 30

Helper T cell markers:

Answer 30

CD3+, CD4+, CD8-, AlphaBeta+

Question 31

Cytotoxic T cell markers:

Answer 31

CD3+, CD4-, CD8+, AlphaBeta+

Question 32

MALT:

Answer 32

• Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue.

- Diffuse, non-encapsulated tissue associated with mucosal epithelial surfaces.

Question 33

Primary lymphoid organs (2):

Answer 33

1. Bone marrow.

2. Thymus.

Question 34

Types of defenses along epithelial surfaces (3):

Answer 34

1. Mechanical.
2. Chemical.
3. Microbiological.

Question 35

T cell progression in thymus:

Answer 35

Pass from cortex to medulla.

Question 36

Central Tolerance Induction:

Answer 36

T cells that possess reactivity against self are eliminated.

Question 37

Spleen:

Answer 37

Site of adaptive immune responses to blood-borne antigens.

Question 38

Red Pulp (spleen):

Answer 38

Rich in macrophages which filter blood of foreign material and aged RBCs

Question 39

White pulp (spleen):

Answer 39

Multiple immune cell types necessary to initiate adaptive immune response.

Question 40

PALS:

Answer 40

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath: area surrounding central arterioles in the white pulp of the spleen that is rich in T cells.

Question 41

Lymphoid follicle (spleen):

Answer 41

Out-pocketing of lymphocytes from PALS that is rich in B cells.

Question 42

Primary lymphoid follicle:

Answer 42

Naive B cells.

Question 43

Secondary lymphoid follicle:

Answer 43

Outer mantle of naive B cells with a germinal center containing activated B cells.

Question 44

Naive lymphocytes enter lymph node via:

Answer 44

Specialized post-capillary venules called High Endothelial Venule or HEV.