Immunopathology

Question 1

Immune system

Answer 1

-innate immunity
-adaptive immunity

Question 2

Innate immunity

Answer 2

-barriers (physical, biological, chemical)
-acute phase response (APP, fever, hypoferremia)
-humoral innate immunity
-cellular innate immunity (phagocytes-macrophages and neutrophils, NK cells)

Question 3

Adaptive immunity

Answer 3

-T cells- defense against intracellular microbes
-B cells-defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins

Question 4

Immunopathology

Answer 4

-Too little immunity= primary, secondary
-too much immunity= hypersensitivity, autoimmunity

Question 5

Primary (inherited) immunodeficiencies

Answer 5

-Chediak-Higashi syndrome
-Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (eg. Cattle BLAD)
-Severe combined immunideficiency (SCID)

Question 6

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Answer 6

-Hereford cattle, Persian cats, killer whales
-defective killing of phagocytosed microorganisms due to abnormal lysosomes
-results in abnormal pigmentation of melanocytes, recurrent infections
-diagnosed using blood smears

Question 7

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 7

-Irish setters, Holsteins, Humans
-persistent neutrophilia
-defect in beta2 integrins, therefore circulating neutrophils cannot bind firmly to endothelium and exit blood vessels towards infection site

Question 8

Cattle BLAD

Answer 8

-severe gingivitis, tooth loss, oral ulcers, enteric ulcers, cutaneous ulcers, abscesses that lack pus formation and pneumonia

Question 9

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer 9

-Arabian foals, dogs, mice
-defects in both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
-normal for first few months of their lives because they have antibodies from mother but tend to die afterwards

Question 10

Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies

Answer 10

-failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins
-simian immunodeficiency virus in monkeys
-feline immunodeficiency virus
-lymphotropic viruses (Bovine viral diarrhea, canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia)

Question 11

Failure of passive transfer of immunodeficiencies

Answer 11

-most common immunodeficiency in animals
-colostrum is important for neonates of species with epitheliochorial placentation. Ingested colostral immunoglobulins are absorbed during first 24-48hrs.
>if not received, neonates are born hypogammaglobulinemic and this results in various infections being seen in blood work (septicemia, meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis)

Question 12

Fibrinopurulent meningitis

Answer 12

-usually animals will not see gross signs when they die from meningitis
>only thing you will see is very fine pale lines

Question 13

What lesions are commonly linked with septicemia?

Answer 13

-infection in brain or joints
>can be identified by blood culture (select lung, liver, kidney, spleen because high blood flow, and cost. Have to select 3 organs and see pathogens in all 3 to determine septicemia)

Question 14

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

Answer 14

-progressive loss of T cells
-results in animal getting infection and dying
-primary transmission is bite wounds
>males, outdoor, aggressive
-see ulcerative stomatitis commonly

Question 15

Bovine viral diarrhea

Answer 15

-a lymphotropic virus (can be epitheliotropic or lymphotropic)
-Signs:
>mucosal disease (ulcers of mucosa) in both coronary band of hoof and mouth- infected in utero. Looks similar to foot and mouth disease which is more serious
>ulcers in peyer’s patches of intestines

Question 16

Feline Panleukopenia virus and Canine Parvovirus

Answer 16

-kill rapidly dividing cells=lymphocytes
-can see cryptal necrosis and bone marrow cell destruction
>present with diarrhea or in young puppies as myocarditis (because when young the myocardial cells are still rapidly dividing)