Important potential exam questions

Question 1

Outline the pathway taken by RBC starting from vena cava ending at the aorta

Answer 1

Inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - through pulmonary arteries - lungs - gas exchange - RBC (oxyhaemoglobin) - travel via pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - around body

Question 2

4 structural aspects of veins and arteries

Answer 2

veins 
- valves 
- relatively low pressure 
- thin unelastic walls 
- towards heart 
arteries 
- thick elastic muscular walls 
- no valves 
- high pressure 
- away from heart

Question 3

Five causes of infertility

Answer 3

PCOS
Endometriosis
Abnormal motility
Low sperm count

Question 4

Outline spermatogenesis

Answer 4

Seminiferous tubules lined with immature cells called spermatogonia next to Sertoli cells
During puberty, the spermatogonia divide by mitosis to provide continuous supply of spermtogonia
Some of these daughter cells are pushed inward towards the centre of the tubules and undergo a period of growth and are called primary spermatocyte
These primary spermatocytes are diploid and undergo mitotic division 1 to make secondary spermatocyte
These secondary spermatocytes are haploid and undergo meiotic division 2 and create 4 haploid genetically diverse spermatid
Spermatid undergo maturation to become spermatozoa

Question 5

Explain IVF process.

Answer 5

1. Hormone treatment to stimulate ovaries so multiple follicles mature
2. Mature follicles removed from ovaries via needle that passes through vagina
3. Egg and sperm mixed together in lab to induce fertilization and create embyro
4. Embyro is inserted in uterus via cervix