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Adv. Bio Muscle Test > Important Vocab > Flashcards

Important Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Isometric

A

Tension without shortening the muscle (pushing exercise)

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2
Q

Isotonic

A

Muscle shortens to retain constant tension (lifting weights)

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin sheath of connective tissue around one fiber

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4
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Nerve and muscle fibers meet (neurotransmitter is released)

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5
Q

Perimysium

A

Layer of connective tissue that separates muscle into bundles (12)

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6
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary contraction and relaxation (heart palpitating)

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

(Muscle fascia) covers and separates individual muscles is made up of connective tissue

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Disease where muscles degenerate due to lack of use

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9
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Actin

A

Thin, light, I-bands

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11
Q

Myosin

A

Thick, dark, A-bands

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12
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Membrane

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13
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from the body

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the middle of the body

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15
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing an angle between joints

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16
Q

Pronation

A

Turning the palm downward

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17
Q

Hyper extension

A

Motion beyond normal position

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18
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extending the foot downward (pencil)

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19
Q

Inversion

A

Turning toes and soles inward

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20
Q

Insertion

A

Movable end of a muscle attached to the bone it moves

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21
Q

Extension

A

Increasing an angle between joints

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22
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around an axis

23
Q

Origin

A

Immovable end of a muscle starched to a bone that does not move

24
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

Creates ATP

25
Q

5 steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. Acetylcholine at muscular junction
  2. Calcium goes in
  3. Myosin and actin form cross bridges
  4. Calcium goes out
  5. Cross bridges break (myosin and actin)
26
Q

Myoglobin

A

Supplies oxygen to muscles

27
Q

Major parts to skeletal muscle fiber

A

Belly, origin, insertion

28
Q

3-types of muscles

A

Skeletal-voluntary

Smooth-involuntary (intestine)

Cardiac-involuntary (heart)

29
Q

Isometric

A

Equal

30
Q

Recruitment vs threshold stimulus

A

Recruitment: higher; whole muscle, more motor neurons respond, more fiber to contract, muscles have maximum tension

Threshold stimulus: weak; minimum strength of stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction

31
Q

Doris flexion

A

Fish hook

32
Q

4 quadriceps

A

Vastus medialus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

33
Q

Origin

A

Beginning point of muscle

34
Q

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

A

35-45% of body weight, multi-nucleated cells of striated fibers, voluntary, can undergo rapid contractions, strongest of 3 types but easiest to fatigue

35
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

Only in heart, fibers are linked end to end by interculated disks, involuntary and rhythmic

36
Q

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

A

Elongated cells arranged with no banding or striations, involuntary, has slower contractions than skeletal muscles, fibers change length to maintain constant tension, influenced by hormones (uterus)

37
Q

Multiunit

A

Type of smooth muscle, separate fibers (iris, walls of blood vessels, piloerectors of hair follicles for goose bumps)

38
Q

Visceral

A

Type of smooth muscle, sheets of fiber that are self exciting (capable of stimulating each other) and rhythmic (capable of repeated contractions), responsible for peristalsis (a wave like mistook of organs to move contents through stomach, intestine, bladder, and uterus), has two different types

39
Q

Sarcoplamic Reticulum

A

Network of channels comparable to ER, contain calcium

40
Q

Sarcomere

A

Area between two Z lines

41
Q

How does ATP supply energy for muscular contraction

A

Breaks high energy bonds

42
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Loss of ability to contract a muscle

43
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

All oxygen is used so liver changes lactic acid back to glucose

44
Q

Hemoglobin vs myoglobin

A

Hemoglobin: brings oxygen to blood

Myoglobin: brings oxygen to muscles

45
Q

Twitch

A

Single, brief contraction

46
Q

Muscle Tone

A

Sustained contraction of a muscle at rest

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Well fed muscle, increases in size due to more protein and a result in exercise

48
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in fiber size because of lack of use

49
Q

Function of muscles

A
  1. Provides body with shape
  2. Holds the skeleton in place
  3. Moves body parts together with the skeleton
50
Q

Action

A

Type of movement produced

51
Q

Origin vs Insertion

A

Origin: immovable

Insertion: movable

52
Q

3 roles of muscle interaction

A
  1. Prime movers; responsible for majority of bodily movement
  2. Synergists; assist prime movers (ex. Brachialis)
  3. Antagonists; resist movement of prime movers, responsible for movement in opposite direction (ex. Triceps)
53
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular motion of end around a joint (ex. Fingers)

Adv. Bio Muscle Test (2 decks)

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