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APCSP > Important Vocab. J-Z > Flashcards

Important Vocab. J-Z Flashcards

1
Q

KEY

A

in cryptography, a shared secret to make encryption harder to crack.

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2
Q

LATENCY

A

the amount of delay when sending digital data over the Internet or the round-trip time information takes to get from the client to the server and back.

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3
Q

LOSSLESS

A

data compression that does not lose data during compression.

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4
Q

LOSSY

A

data compression that loses data during compression.

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5
Q

MAC (MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL) ADDRESS

A

a unique, physical address that is stored in the computer’s ROM.

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6
Q

MAIN MEMORY

A

memory that temporarily stores information while it is being sent to the CPU, also called RAM.

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7
Q

METADATA

A

additional data about the main data, usually at the beginning of a file.

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8
Q

MODEM

A

a device that handles both the modulation and the demodulation of signals.

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9
Q

MODULAR ARITHMETIC

A

using the remainder when dividing, also known as clock arithmetic.

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10
Q

MOTHERBOARD

A

(logic board); the standardized printed circuit board that connects the CPU, main memory, and peripherals.

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11
Q

NAME SERVER

A

a server that contains many IP addresses and their matching domain names.

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12
Q

NETWORK

A

a group of computers that are connected so they can share resources using a data link.

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13
Q

NONVOLATILE

A

does not need a power supply; information is physically written into the device.

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14
Q

NYBBLE/NIBBLE

A

half of a byte, 4 bits

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15
Q

ONE-WAY FUNCTIONS

A

a problem that is easy in one direction and difficult in the other.

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16
Q

OPERATING SYSTEM

A

the visual representation of the comptuer.

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17
Q

OR

A

basic logic gate where any part of a statement can be true for the entire statement to be true.

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18
Q

PACKETS

A

small chunks of data used in TCP/IP.

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19
Q

PERIPHERALS

A

the input and output devices and the secondary memory.

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20
Q

PHISHING

A

using “bait” to trick the user into entering sensitive information like user names, passwords, or credit card numbers.

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21
Q

PIXELATION

A

when individual pixels are too large and the image begins to look blocky.

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22
Q

POP

A

Post Office Protocol, used for e-mail.

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23
Q

POST

A

power-on self-test.

24
Q

POWER SUPPLY

A

coverts AC electricity to the lower voltage DC electricity that is needed to power the computer.

25
Q

PRIVATE KEY

A

a shared secret needed to decrypt a message

26
Q

PROTOCOL

A

a specific set of rules.

27
Q

PUBLIC KEY

A

a system that allows a key to be publicly published.`

28
Q

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

A

(RAM); memory that can be retrieved or written to anywhere without having to go through all the previous memory.

29
Q

RBG

A

color model used for most monitors or screens. Stands for red, green, and blue, referring to the color of light.

30
Q

ROOT NAME SERVER

A

one of the thirteen servers that contain every IP address and its matching domain name.

31
Q

ROUTER

A

a networking device that routes Internet traffic to the destination.

32
Q

SAMPLE RATE

A

how often an analog signal is used when converting to digital, usually measured in bits per second.

33
Q

SECONDARY MEMORY

A

used for long term storage and is physically changed when files are saved or deleted.

34
Q

SELECTION

A

the logic structure in programming that uses if statements to select certain values.

35
Q

SEQUENCE

A

the structure that runs one line after another in order.

36
Q

SEQUENTIAL MEMORY

A

memory used to store back-up data on a tape.

37
Q

SERVER

A

any computer that provides a service.

38
Q

SOFTWARE

A

includes the operating system and the applications. It is usually stored on a computer’s hard drive and cannot physically be touched. At the lowest level, it is a series of ones and zeros.

39
Q

SSL

A

Secure Sockets Layer, issues digital certificates for websites.

40
Q

SUBDOMAIN

A

precedes the domain name, owned by the domain. hhtps://subdomain.domain.com

41
Q

SUBSTITUTION CIPHER

A

a cipher where a letter is mapped or swapped with another letter in the alphabet.

42
Q

SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION

A

the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message.

43
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol, a set of rules for breaking down requests into smaller, more manageable, numbered packets.

44
Q

TLS

A

Transport Layer Security, issues digital certificates for websites.

45
Q

UDP

A

User Datagram Protocol, like TCP and usually used for streaming audio/video.

46
Q

URL

A

Uniform Resource Locator, specifies where to find a file on a domain.

47
Q

VARIABLE

A

used in coding to store a value that can change.

48
Q

VIRUS

A

a program that infects other programs and usually spreads to other programs or computers by copying itself repreatedly.

49
Q

VoIP

A

Voice over Internet Protocol, used for telephony.

50
Q

VOLATILE

A

needs a power supply. Turning off the power deletes information.

51
Q

WEB (WORLD WIDE WEB)

A

the part of the Internet that uses HTTP and HTTPS.

52
Q

SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION

A

enables by the “cloud” or serves located remotely.

53
Q

HEURISTIC

A

finding the best approximate solution when the actual solution is intractable.

54
Q

REMOVE COMMAND

A

shifts values in a list to the right.

55
Q

INSERT COMMAND

A

shifts values in a list to the left.

56
Q

SIMULATION

A

algorithm used to show a real-life event.

APCSP (2 decks)

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