Industrial Britain 1780-1900

Question 1

Suggest how the improvements in transport and communication between 1780-1900 led to an increase in the standard of performance in sport. [5 marks]

Answer 1

*Suggest= identify or define –> Explain why –> Example

Transport

1. Development of further / faster transport allowed teams to travel further playing against a higher standard of opposition / play more (1)
2. Improved transport allowed the development of leagues increasing competitiveness and incentivising success (1)
3. Improved / cheaper transport allowed performers access to new activities increasing the number of performers and in turn the overall standard (1)

Communication

1. Improved communication led to the development of role models who younger performers aimed to emulate / copy (1)
2. Improved communication led to the codification of sport through NGB’s, enabling fixtures and leagues to occur between people from different areas (1)
3. Improved communication meant you could follow a team, increasing spectators, leading to professionalism (1)

Improvement in transport and communication must be linked to improvement in standard of performance.

Question 2

State three characteristics of amateurs during the industrial and post-industrial (1780–1900) period.

Answer 2

•    High status / respected (1)
•    Played for the love of the game as they did not recieve payment (1)
•    Controlled sport (1)
•    Top / best performers (1)
•    High moral values / sportsmanship / fair play (1).

Question 3

Rational recreation saw the development of early professionalism during the industrial and post-industrial era (1780–1900).

Explain the differences between the gentleman amateur and working-class professional and the impact these had on their participation during this time. [3 marks]

Answer 3

Explain= Define or identify –>Suggest why —> Example

1. Gentlemen amateurs had more money therefore had access to a wider range of activities to participate in / working class professionals has less money so could access fewer activities to participate in (1)
2. Gentleman amateurs had more free time so had the opportunity to participate in more activity / working class professionals had less free time due to long working hours so had less opportunity to participate in activity (1)
3. Gentleman amateurs had higher morality therefore participation had an emphasis on taking part and fair play / working class professionals had lower morality therefore participation was based on a win at all costs approach (1).
4. Gentleman amatures were not paid for their sporting performance as they played for the love of the game/ working class professionals recieved payment as they were in the lower class they could not afford to play for free (1)

Question 4

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the term urbanisation?

A= An improvement in living conditions in run-down areas of society

B= An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside

C= The import and export of sports throughout the British Empire

D= The movement from an industrial society to an agricultural society

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Identify two positive benefits for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society. Also, can you name a current professional football club that started as a factory team?

(Total 3 marks)

Answer 5

•    Increased health and fitness of workers
•    More efficent workers due to increased moral
•    More disciplined workforce as sport taught morals

* Arsenal

Question 6

Explain the impact of improved transport and communication on sport in the post-industrial society. [4 marks]

Answer 6

Explain= Define or identify –>Suggest why —> Example

Transport

1= Improved transport meant that players could travel and so leagues could be established (1)

2= This then impacted the sport as it resulted in National Governing Bodies being developed to organise and regulate (1)

3= Sport also then attracted spectators as they could also travel to fixtures (1)

Communication

1= Improved communication meant fixtures could be organised with other teams, typically through the royal mail. (1)

2= The accessibility of Newspapers meant results and stories could be published for spectators to view. (1)

3= Newspapers/media becoming more accessible meant athletes started to be regarded as role models and expected to spread the morals within sport. (1)

Question 7

Which one of the following terms best describes a professional performer?

A= One who believes ‘the end justifies the means’

B= One who participates in sport ‘for the love of it’

C= One who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities

D= One who receives no payment for competing in sport

(Total 1 mark)

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Many of the sporting values and technical developments that underpin modern sport were established in the 19th century.

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 8

Explain= Define or identify –>Suggest why —> Example

1= Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed) easier access to events / able to attend matches played further away.

2= Improved communication / media / newspapers / better literacy / more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models / celebrities / awareness of events.

3= Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business / agents / social control / need to entertain the masses / encourage better social morals or equiv.

4. Creation of governing bodies / development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions / leagues / international events / standardised rules / regulations / codification / regular fixtures.
5. Creation of teams from factories / churches / ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators / creation of sense of community.
6. Emergence of professional teams / broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle / higher standard of play / local team to support.
7. Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space / large population close together made spectating necessary / loss of mob games / growth of towns / cities.

Answer has to make reference to the impact on sport.

Question 9

identify five Social factors that influenced society in the 19th century

Answer 9

A. Reduction of working hours / increased leisure time

B. Increase in wages

C. Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed)

D. Improved communication / media / newspapers

E. Emergence of middle classes

F. Creation of governing bodies / clubs

G. Creation of teams from factories / churches [accept muscular Christianity] / ex-public school boys / provision of access to facilities / philanthropists

H. Emergence of professional teams

I. Urbanisation

J. Commercialisation

K. British Empire / colonial / Commonwealth

L. Public provision (local authority/government) / civilising of society

M. Technology / inventions

N. Public schools/universities / old boys network

Question 10

Evaluate the importance of improved transport and urbanisation on the development of association football from the mid-19th century onwards. [4 marks]

Answer 10

Evaluation= Strengths and weaknesses–>Why–> Example

Both equally as important as they allowed football to be played more regularly (1).

Urbanisation can be seen to be important as the large numbers of people in one place provided a captive audience, creating spectatorship (1).

Urbanisation meant the lack of space meant that purpose built facilities had to be built to manage crowds / provide a focus (1).

Urbanisation may be more important than transport as the majority of crowds were ’home’ supporters anyway. (1)

Transport did however allow teams to travel so important as more and wider fixtures could be organised (1).

Transport meant Football was able to develop as fans could also now travel to watch games (1).

Can be argued that transport was the most important as without it, new competitions could not have existed, eg FA Cup from 1871-2 season (1).

Question 11

To maximise the chance of success, funding is required to support the development of elite level performers.

Explain how the middle classes supported the development of rational recreation/sport during the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 11

Explain= Define or identify –>Suggest why —> Example

1= Created NGB’s to provide structure and administration within sport to provide spectators with regular sporting competitions.

2= Created leagues and competitions. Also, codified rules so that their was consistency in how sport was played across the country.

3= Created facilities to allow sport to be played at a local level. E.g investing parks.

4= Used sport to spread morals amongst the lower classes, which facilitated professionals being seen as role models.

5= Acted as agents and manager for professional athletes, who may not have been literate to ensure they were not taken advantage of.

6= Supported female inclusion within sports, particularly Lawn tennis

* No marks for listing what happened. Link must be made between ‘how’ and ‘impact’ to be awarded mark.

Question 12

Explain how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities

during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. [4 marks]

Answer 12

Encourage social control e.g. improving behaviour and diverting from less social behaviours (1)

Churches offered the use of halls which increased the availability of facilities / spaces for sport and recreation to be played (1)

Churches looked to increase the morality and values of society through sport and recreation (1)

Churches organised teams/fixtures/leagues which encouraged participation in sport (1)

The church utilised sport and recreation to promote Christian values and increase church attendances (1)

The church promoted muscular Christianity through sport (1)

Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities during the mid-to-late nineteenth century.

Question 13

What is meant by the term Muscular Christianity? Also, can you name a professional football team that started as a Church Sunday team?

Answer 13

Muscular Christianity is a philosophical movement that developed discipline, patriotism, self sacrifice and masculinity.

Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester city or Aston Villa

Question 14

Explain the extent to which British rule over an ‘empire’ played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 14

1. British public school boys and university old boys spread sporting values throughout the empire, once they joined the military (1).
2. Others that spread sporting ideas were;
   - Teachers taught British citizens based overseas and played sports within these schools [1]
   - Members of the clergy developed church teams / became missionaries [1]
   - Diplomats when attending political events throughout the empire [1]
   - Officers in the army as they moved throughout the empire whilst engaging in war [1]
3. British Empire provided ‘worldwide opportunities’ / countries for British ideas to be taken to (1)

•    The varying stakeholders − teachers / clergy, etc spread concepts / games to each part of the empire (1).
•    The empire was literally worldwide and meant that sports like association football could be picked up by countries in all corners of the globe (1).
•    Continuing need to protect and secure the empire meant that the British army had to be present in all parts of the empire − thus sporting ideas spread as the army played stereotypical British sports (1)

Question 15

1. How did 19th century public schools contribute to the technical development of ‘rational recreation’? [3 marks]
2. How did 19th century public schools and universities help to spread rational recreation into wider society? [3 marks]

Answer 15

Public schools contribution to technical development of rational recreation

• Creating inter house and intra school competitions. (1)
• .Engaging in consistent training to improve skill/tactic and positional performance. (1)
• .Introduced officials and codified rules.(1)
• .Created stylish kits and developed equipment like posts and improved the quality of the ball. (1)

Public schools contribution to the spread of rational recreation to wider society

• Once students graduated they spread the rules and games they played throughout society (1)
• Many students joined the military as officers and spread the rules and game they played throughout the empire (1)
• Teachers and missionaries moved throughout the empire, which subsequently facilitated sports being played throughout the world (1)
• The old boys network became somewhat of a cult and when in positions of power thanks to their prestigious education, men would look favourably on those who could play the sports they loved at a high level (1)

Question 16

Many of the sporting values and technical developments that underpin modern sport were established in the 19th century.

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 16

Reduction of working hours / better wages (which allowed) increased time to attend matches / pay for leisure activities.

Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed) easier access to events / able to attend matches played further away.

Improved communication / media / newspapers / better literacy / more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models / celebrities / awareness of events.

Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business / agents / social control / need to entertain the masses / encourage better social morals or equiv.

Creation of National governing bodies / development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions / leagues / international events / standardised rules / regulations / codification / regular fixtures.

Creation of teams from factories / churches / ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators / creation of sense of community.

Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space / large population close together made spectating necessary / loss of mob games / growth of towns / cities.

Question 17

During the 19th century, many sports’ governing bodies were established.

Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century. [3 marks]

Answer 17

1. The middle class wanted to spread morals throughout society’s through sport to reduce anti social behaviour.
2. To codify nationally established rules to facilitate fair and consistent competition, which also led to the growth of rational recreation.
3. The old boys network contributed in some part as they wanted to continue to play the games they did once they left university.
4. To facilitate the working class becoming professional athletes, which meant they got paid. Also, to preserve the quality of amature sport.

5 Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League

Question 18

Describe how attitudes towards female particiaption in sport changed durng the late 19th century {2 marks]

Answer 18

It became more socially acceptable for women to take part in sports that were not to physically demanding like Lawn Tennis. However, females were still expected to be “ladylike” and wore dresses as they played.

Question 19

1. What is meant by the term Rational Recreation [3 marks]
2. Why were the majority of sports rationalised in the 19th century [3 marks]

Answer 19

1.Rational recreation refers to organised, formal and no violent sport. [1 mark]

Characteristics of Rational recreation include:

• Played regularly, particularly by the upper and middle classes [1 mark] -Highly structured, consisting of complex written rules and regulations [1 mark] - Skill and Tactical based [1 mark] -Performers have high moral codes [1 mark] -Spectatorship developed as a consequence of the progression of sport. E.g leagues and NGB’s [1 mark]
  2. Society became more civilised during the 19th century which meant the public had a higher sense of moral decency [1 mark]
• Activities that were inherently violent became illegal. [1 mark] - Upper and middle classes encouraged the lower class to play structured sports such as football, to reduce the damage caused to community spaces from violent sports [1 mark] - The church encouraged citizens to engage in rational recreation through muscular Christianity [1 mark] - Lack of space caused by Urbanisation meant that sports like mob football could not be played. [1 mark]

Question 20

Explain how two characteristics of sport are evident in the game of tennis. [4 marks]

*Remember how to to answer questions that ask you to explain the characteristics of a particular sport

Answer 20

Tennis comes under the umbrella of Rational Recreation

(AO2) Tennis is highly structured / organised / has (codified) rules (1) (AO3) e.g. court size/how many times the ball can bounce / leagues and fixtures (1).

(AO2) Tennis is institutionalised / has a national governing body (1), (AO3) e.g. who decide on rule changes / regulates rules / organise competitions (1).

(AO2) Tennis has officials (1), (AO3) e.g. there is a line judge / umpire (1).

(AO2) Tennis you play for extrinsic rewards (1), (AO3) e.g. you can win prize money / trophies / titles (1).

(AO2) Tennis is competitive / serious (1), (AO3) e.g. the aim is to win games / sets (1).

(AO2) Tennis is skilful / involves tactics and strategies (1), (AO3) e.g. there are lots of different types of shots you can play (1).

Only award a maximum of 2 marks for AO2 and AO3.

Accept other appropriate explanations of how tennis reflects the characteristics of sport.

Question 21

The nineteenth century saw the emergence of the middle classes, who had a social

conscience with regard to the development of sport.

Explain how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis during

this period. [2 marks]

Answer 21

• Middle class formed NGB, the Lawn Tennis Association (1)
•    Middle class supported the codification of tennis / the development of rules / development of equipment / clubs (1)
•    (Middle class supported the development of competitions / they developed league and competition structures / tournaments (1)
•    Middle class supported women in participating in lawn tennis (1)

Answers must relate to the nineteenth century

Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis.

Question 22

During the 19th century, many sports’ governing bodies were established.

Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 22

A ‘Old boys’/Blues/Public school boys – left schools/universities and wanted to continue playing their sports

B Middle classes – wanted control / moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB

C Participation/clubs developed – needed an overriding organisation to organise competitions/control – administration structure / development of leagues / Cup competitions/ international competitions

D Need for rules/codification of rules – to establish nationally recognised set of rules/growth of rational recreation / code of practise/previously variation in rules

E Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League

F Exclusion – e.g. working classes often excluded on amateur grounds /women often excluded/banned

Factors must be explained, not just stated

Accept appropriate alternative explanations for each factor

Focus of question is establishment of NGB not spread of rational recreation

[4]

Question 23

Suggest why many National Governing Bodies, such as the Football Association, were established in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 23

1. Sports were becoming more popular/lots of people participating;
2. More and more clubs were being formed as a consequence of factories starting teams
3. A nationally recognised set of rules was needed/to make competition fair/codification;
4. Sports needed organising/administrative structure/to organise leagues/competitions;
5. Old boys wanting to continue participation/maintain amateur tradition;

Question 24

By the beginning of the 20th century, football had become a popular sport with working class populations in urban areas.

Suggest reasons for the decline of mob games and their replacement by this modern form of sport. [5 marks]

Answer 24

• Ex-public schoolboys set up teams via factories / church in which working class could participate
• Commercialisation of football provided the basis for professional teams / players
• Majority encouraged to become spectators / increased disposable income
• Improvements in transport / railways - more widespread fixtures
• Shorter working week / works facilities
• Promotion of football among population via media
• Industrial work reduced number of festivals / opportunities to play mob games reduced
• Development of urban areas destroyed traditional village rivalries on which mob games were based
• Urban areas initially lacked the open spaces required for mob games
• Industrialisation produced clear division between work and leisure time / particular times of the week became associated with leisure time
• Laws / changes in culture made rowdy, violent behaviour associated with mob games unacceptable / civilising process reduced the levels of violence that would be tolerated

Question 25

Suggest why many National Governing Bodies, such as the Football Association, were established in the 19th century. [4 marks]

Answer 25

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):

• Sports were becoming more popular/lots of people participating;
• More and more clubs were being formed;
• A nationally recognised set of rules was needed/to make competition fair/codification;
• Sports needed organising/administrative structure/to organise leagues/competitions;
• Old boys wanting to continue participation/maintain amateur tradition;
• Working class establishing own control.

Question 26

Explain how very clear distinctions were maintained between social classes during the 19th and early 20th centuries in terms of their participation in sport and physical activity. [4 marks]

Answer 26

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):

• Membership rules of clubs devised to exclude working class / exclusive
• Use of Amateur regulations for competitions in order to prevent ‘professionals’, from competing
• Lower classes performed supporting / specific roles with the sport
• Restricted access to facilities / club house / weekday matches
• Distinction made between ‘Gentlemen’ and ‘Players’ / professionals and amateur / high class gentlemen / working classes

e.g. from Cricket, Golf, Rowing, Tennis / Rugby Union/League Boxing / Athletics

• Membership fees kept high to exclude working class / insufficient time / money / facilities
• Encouraged to spectate.

Question 27

Analyse how the changes in society between 1780 and 1900, driven by the Industrial Revolution, improved the sporting opportunities available to the working classes in Great Britain.

[15 marks]

Answer 27

AO1 Knowledge of changes in society

• Urbanisation. • Improvements in transport and communication. • Provision through factories, churches and local authorities. • Public schools/universities. • Development of three-tier class system (emphasis on middle class and working class). • Development of national governing bodies. • Consideration of the changing role of women in sport. • The status of amateur and professional performers.

AO2 Application of the changes in society on lifestyle of working-class people

• People moved from the countryside to towns (urbanisation) looking for work. • More people in a smaller area meant less space. • Jobs in factories were poorly paid and required people to work long hours; loss of rights/increased law and order; poor working conditions, eg dangerous poor living conditions, eg pollution leading to disease. • Factory owners wanted a healthier more productive workforce so improved conditions and shortened the working week. • The emergence of the middle class came about as people took advantage of new business opportunities. • Development of rail transport and roads made travel cheaper and more accessible. • Communications developed, eg postal system, printing press. • Church involvement and support for recreations eg muscular Christianity. • Era of social reform, eg education acts/role of ex-public schoolboys as politicians.

AO3 Analysing the impact of these changes on recreation of working class of Great Britain

• As time moved on rational recreation developed, led by middle class, factory owners and church. • Factories had teams which would play on a Saturday as the working week was shortened. • Improved transport allowed fixtures to be played across larger areas. • Church offered use of halls and land/set up Sunday school teams/ex-public schoolboys influential as clergymen/spread of muscular Christianity/YMCA/boys brigade. • Social reforms led to paid holiday, better working conditions, public parks, which all enabled more working-class opportunities to play football. • Formation of FA led to more fixtures and competitions to play in/quickly accepted professionalism leading to rise in standard and status of working-class footballers. • Working-class participation in cross-country/harrier clubs.

Accept any other analysis of how the changes in society between 1780 and 1900, driven by the industrial revolution, improved the sporting opportunities available to the working classes in Great Britain.

Question 28

During the period 1860 to 1900, many sports became more developed and organised.

Identify the social, economic and/or political changes that helped to bring this about. [5 marks]

Answer 28

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 5 marks):

• Need to control sports - who played / maintain amateur ethos in the face of increasing commercialism / professionalism / middle class control
• Increased number of teams / domestic fixtures / competitions / leagues
• Need to agree rules / regulations on nation-wide basis / form NGBs
• Acceptance of sport as morally worthwhile activity
• Improved transportation / railways
• Development of international matches / competitions
• Concern for poor / welfare of workers / philanthropy / demand from unions of workers’ rights
• Animal sports / mob games banned
• Lack of space in urban areas
• Social control / disciplined work force / civilising / good for morale

Question 29

Suggest reasons why there was a delay in opportunities for the working class to be able to play games such as lawn tennis. [4 marks]

Answer 29

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):

• Didn’t have enough time / worked long hours
• Lack of disposable income / couldn’t afford - equipment
• Initially amateur development / middle and upper classes
• Excluded from clubs
• Lack of public provision
• Did not have same middle class values / dress codes / etiquette

Question 30

Describe the factors that led to the growth and development of lawn tennis from the mid-19th century to the current day. [3 marks]

Answer 30

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 3 marks):

• Invented / played by middle classes
• Use of specialist equipment
• Standardised rules
• Played by men and women
• Public provision
• Professionalism / media

Question 31

Describe the factors that led to the growth and development of athletics from the mid-19th century to the current day. [3 marks]

Answer 31

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 3 marks):

• Early walking / pedestrianism / running races / professionals
• Often linked to festival / holidays / Much Wenlock Olympian Society
• Often involving wagering
• Early exclusions clauses / amateur only
• Olympianism / athleticism / etiquette
• Use of trust funds to maintain amateur status while competing for money
• Development of grand prix events / diamond league

Question 32

Analyse how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at this time.

[8 marks]

Answer 32

AO1 Knowledge of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780−1900)

• Middle class were self-made men who took advantage of new business opportunities available during the industrial revolution.
• Also emerged from school and universities.
• Less money than upper class but education/entrepreneurialism allowed them to take up prominent roles in society.
• They became factory owners, clergy, officers in the army etc.
• These roles put them in positions where they oversaw/had control over/were trying to help the working class.

AO2 Application of the middle class to association football

• National governing bodies: Middle class set up a national governing body (the FA) which codified sports allowing everyone to play by the same rules.
• They created competition structures for people to enter such as the FA Cup.
• Factory owners: Set up factory teams.
• Providing workers with increased leisure time.
• Clergy: Provided land and facilities for football to take place.
• Philanthropists: Paid for the development of public parks/facilities where football could be played.

AO3 Analysis of how the middle class impacted on the sport of association football

• Broken time payments made by factory owners signalled the start of professional football which increased the standard by making the sport more appealing to the working class.
• Factory owners set aside time for footballers to train and play matches allowing greater focus on improving sport specific skills and fitness.
• The codification of rules by the FA/middle class meant that teams could travel to different areas to play a larger pool of teams of a higher ability, which improved the standard.
• The development of structured competitions such as the FA cup meant that the sport became more competitive/success was widely recognised increasing factory owners’ motivation to bring together the best teams possible.
• The provision of more football pitches via the church and philanthropists increased the number of people who were able to play. This increased the playing pool and therefore the standard of the players who reached the top and became professional.

Accept any other appropriate analysis of how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at the time.