Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Infection And Response > Flashcards

Infection And Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main pathogens

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the features of viruses

A

Very small
Move into cells and use the biochemistry of it to make copies of its q self
Leads to cell bursting and releasing all the copies into the bloodstream
The destruction of the cells makes the individual feel ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of bacteria

A

Small
Multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called binary fission
They produce toxins that can damage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the features of protists

A

Some are parasitic meaning they use humans and animals as they hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of fungi

A

They can either be single felled or have a body made of hyphae (thread like structures)
Can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 ways disease can spread

A

Air-we can breathe in pathogens from the air
Direct contact-touching contaminated surfaces such as skin
Water-drinking or bathing in dirty water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 ways to prevent disease

A

Hygiene-hand washing,using tissues while sneezing,isolating raw meat
Vaccinations
Isolation
Destroying vectors- using pesticides or insectides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are viruses particularly dangerous

A

They can enter all types of cells and scientists are yet to develop medicines to cure them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the examples of viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (in plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of measles

A

Fever
Red skin rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are measles transmitted and the problems caused

A

Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
Can be fatal if complications arise. For example measles can lead to pneumonia or a brain infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you prevent measles

A

Vaccination at an early age (provides immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ways HIV is transmitted and the problems caused

A

Transmitted from unprotected sex, exchange of bodily fluids like blood
Problems caused-unless controlled by antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the bodies immune cells can develop in aids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the ways to prevent HIV

A

Use condoms and don’t share needles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV

A

A “mosaic” pattern of discolouration on plant leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ways TMV is transmitted and problems caused

A

Transmitted by direct contact
Problems caused-lack of plant growth as photosynthesis cannot occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you prevent TMV

A

Destroy plant so virus can’t spread
Good field hygiene and damage control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do HIV and AIDS differ

A

AIDS is caused by HIV. AIDS cannot be Transmitted HIV can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever,Vomiting and diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is salmonella spread and how can it be prevented

A

Can be found in raw meat and eggs and unhygienic conditions
Poultry vaccinated against salmonella keeping raw meat from cooked food
Cook food thoroughly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

It is an STD
yellow discharge, pain while urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread and how is it being prevented

A

Spread by unprotected sex
Prevented by using contraception like condoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why can’t gonorrhoea be treated with penicillin

A

It isn’t always possible as some strains of the bacteria are now resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can fungi bring disease

A

Some fungi have one cell and other have a body and hyphae. The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues like human skin or the surface of plants
The hyphae produces spores that can spread to other plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple or black spots on leaves
Leaves can turn yellow and photosynthesis stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the ways rose black spot is transmitted and how can you prevent it

A

Transmitted by water and wind
Prevention-use fungicide to kill fungus to destroy affected leaves to prevent spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is malaria caused by

A

Protists pathogens that enter red blood cells and damage them

29
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

Fevers and shaking

30
Q

How is malaria spread

A

The vector is the female Anopheles mosquito in which the protists reproduce sexually. When the mosquito punctures the skin to feed on blood the protists enter the human blood stream via their saliva

31
Q

How can you prevent malaria

A

Use insecticide coated insect nests while sleeping
Removing stagnant water to prevent vectors from breeding
Travellers taking anti malarial drugs to kill parasites that enter the blood

32
Q

How does the skin defend against pathogens

A

Acts as a physical barrier
Produces anti microbial secretions to kill
Good microorganisms such as skin flora compete with bad microorganisms for space and nutrients

33
Q

How does the nose defend against pathogens

A

Has hairs and mucus which prevent particles from entering lungs

34
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi defend against pathogens

A

Secretes mucus to trap pathogens
Cilia bear to waft mucus upwards so it can be swallowed

35
Q

How does the stomach defend against pathogens

A

Produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens in your mucus or food and drink

36
Q

How do tears defend against pathogens

A

Tears contain enzymes that destroy pathogens that make eye contact

37
Q

How does phagocytosis protect you

A

A WBC finds the pathogen and engulfs it by changing shape. It ingests the pathogen destroying it

38
Q

How do antibodies protect you

A

Each pathogen has an antigen on their surface which is a structure which a specific complimentary antibody can bind to. Once antibodies begin to bind to pathogens the pathogens start to clump together so it’s easier for WBC to find them

39
Q

How do antibodies protect you (2)

A

If you become infected again with the same pathogen the specific complimentary antibodies will be produced at a faster rate. The individual will not feel the symptoms. They will be immune

40
Q

How do antitoxins protect you

A

Some bacteria produces toxins that can damage cells. The immune system produces antitoxins which neutralise the toxins destroying them

41
Q

What is the process of vaccination

A

Injects a dead or inactive form of pathogen in the blood
WBC recognise the antigens are foreign and produces antibodies against it

42
Q

Process of vaccination (2)

A

Some of the WBC remain in the blood as memory cells. If the same pathogen invades the body again the memory cells can produce antibodies faste r
Next time the same pathogen infects the vaccinated person it’ll be destroyed by the immune system before it can cause illness

43
Q

Why might an antibody produced to target salmonella not work against gonorrhoea

A

Antibodies have a complimentary shape to the antigen

44
Q

What is herd immunity

A

If an immunised person comes into contact with the pathogen the pathogen would be destroyed before it’s transferred to others

45
Q

What are the advantages of vaccination

A

They have eradicated many diseases so far
And reduced occurance of many
Epidemics can be prevented through hers immunity

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccination

A

Not always effective in providing immunity
Bad reactions can occur in response to vaccines

47
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Medicines that kill bacterial pathogens inside the body without damaging body cells

48
Q

Why can antibiotics kill viruses

A

They use body cells to reproduce and they aren’t living

49
Q

What are painkillers

A

Only treat the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause
An example of this is Aspirin

50
Q

What are the features of antibiotics

A

Can be taken as a pill syrup or directly in the blood stream
Different antibiotics are effective against different types of bacteria so receiving the correct one is important

51
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur

A

1) Within a population of bacteria some will have random mutations
2) The mutated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics so they’ll survive while the non resistant bacteria will die

52
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur (2)

A

3) The resistant bacteria can reproduce rapidly because their competition has been destroyed by the antibiotic
4) When the resistant bacteria reproduce they produce genetically identical copies. These will be resistant to antibiotics

53
Q

How can you prevent the development of these resistant strains

A

1) Stop overusing antibiotics-this unnecessarily exposed bacteria to the antibiotics
2)Finishing courses of antibiotics to kill all of bacteria

54
Q

What are drugs I’m plants used for

A

The chemicals that plants use to kill pests and pathogens can be used to treat symptoms or human disease
Examples-aspirin (originates from willow
Digitalis treats heart problems (originates from foxgloves)

55
Q

How was penicillin discovered

A

Alexander Fleming was growing bacteria on plates
He found mould on his culture plates with clear rings around the mould indicating there was no longer any bacteria there
He found that the mould was producing a substance called penicillin which killed bacteria

56
Q

What are antiviral drugs

A

Viruses are found inside cells. Antiviral drugs treat these

57
Q

What’s re the 3 main criteria people use to test drugs

A

Efficacy- Does it work?
Toxicity- Is it safe?
Dose- How much of the drug is needed?

58
Q

What is preclinical testing

A

Scientists carry out early stage testing on human cells and tissues or on life animals

59
Q

What is clinical testing

A

First tested on healthy volunteers with a low dose to ensure no harmful side effects
Drugs then tested on patients to find to most effective dose

60
Q

How do you test how well the drugs works

A

Patients are split into two groups with one group receiving the drug and another receiving a placebo (appears to look like the drug but has no active ingredient so no effect) so the effect of the new drug can be observed

61
Q

What are the differences between single blind and double blind trials

A

Single blind- only the doctor knows whether the patient is receiving the drug
Double blind-neither the patient or doctor knows if they are receiving the drug

62
Q

Why are double blind trials more effective

A

It removes any biases the doctor may have when they are recording the results

63
Q

What can nitrate deficiency do in plants

A

Can stunt plant growth
Nitrates in the soil convert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins
These proteins are needed for growth

64
Q

What does magnesium deficiency do in plants

A

Can cause chlorosis
Magnesium needed to make chlorophyll which is vital in photosynthesis
If less is being made then parts of the leaves appear green and yellow

65
Q

What are the physical responses in plant defence

A

To prevent the invasion of microorganisms
Tough waxy cuticle stops entry into leaves
Cellulose cell walls form a physical barrier into the cells
Plants have layers of dead cells around stems which stop pathogens form entering

66
Q

What are the chemical defences plants use

A

To deter predators or kill bacteria
Poisons deter herbivores
Antibacterial compounds kill bacteria such as mint plants and witch hazel

67
Q

What are the mechanical defences that plants use

A

Thorns and hairs make it difficult and painful for animals to eat them (but don’t defend against insects)
Some leaves can drop or curl when touched which allows them to move away and move insects off their leaves

68
Q

Mechanical defences that plants use (2)

A

Mimicry to trick animals for example:
-some plants droop to look unhealthy plants so animals avoid them
-plants can have patterns that appear to look like butterfly eggs so butterflies don’t lay their eggs here to avoid competition

69
Q

What is a peer review

A

Where the results of the drug trials are checked over by scientists knowledgeable in this field to maintain integrity

Biology Paper 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions