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Biology > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Micro-organisms that enter our body and cause disease

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2
Q

Do pathogens cause communicable or non-communicable diseases

A

Communicable (infectious) diseases

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3
Q

What are the types of pathogens

A

-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Protists
-Fungi

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4
Q

What are bacteria

A

Very small cells which can replicate rapidly inside your body.

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill

A

By producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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6
Q

What are viruses not

A

Cells

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7
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill

A

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to make many copies of themselves. The cells will eventually burst releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage makes you feel ill.

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8
Q

What is an example of a disease cause by a protist

A

Malaria

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9
Q

How is malaria spread

A

1) The mosquitos are vectors, they pick up the malaria protist when they feed on an infected animal
2) Every time the mosquito feeds on another animal it infects it by inserting the malaria protist into the animal’s blood vessels

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10
Q

What does malaria cause

A

Repeating episodes of fever - it can be fatal

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11
Q

How can people be protected from mosquitos

A

Insecticides and mosquito nets

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12
Q

What’s two example of bacterial disease

A

Salmonella and gonorrhea

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13
Q

What does salmonella cause

A

Food poisoning

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella

A

-Fever
-Stomach cramps
-Diarrhoea
-Vomiting

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15
Q

How can you get salmonella

A

By eating food that’s been contaminated with salmonella bacteria like a diseased chicken or eating food that has been prepared through unhygienic conditions

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16
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

An STD (sexually transmitted disease)

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17
Q

How are STD’s spread

A

Through sexual contact (unprotected sex)

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

-Pain whilst urinating
-Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis

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19
Q

How is gonorrhoea usually treated

A

Through antibiotics or penicillin

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20
Q

How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

A

Through the use of barrier methods of contraception during sex such as condoms.

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21
Q

How can you reduce or prevent the spread of diseases

A

-Being hygienic (washing your hands)
-Destroying vectors (getting rid of the organisms that spread the disease)
-Isolating infected individuals (prevents them from passing it on)
-Vaccination (means people can’t develop the disease and pass it on)

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22
Q

What’s the bodies first line of defence

A

-Skin
-Hair
-Mucus
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Hydrochloric acid in stomach

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23
Q

How does the skin defend the body

A

Acts as a barrier against pathogens and it secretes antimicrobial substances which kills pathogens

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24
Q

How does the hair and mucus in your nose defend the body

A

Trap particles which could contain pathogens

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25
Q

How does the traches and bronchi defend the body

A

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens and are lined with cilia. These hair-like structures waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

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26
Q

How does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach defend the body

A

Kills the pathogens that make it that far from the mouth

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27
Q

What is your bodies second line of defence

A

The immune system

28
Q

What happens if the first line of defence fails

A

The immune system kicks in to destroy the pathogens

29
Q

What is the most important part of the immune system

A

White blood cells

30
Q

What do white blood cells do normally

A

Travel around the body patrolling around the body looking for microbes. When they come across an invading microbe they have 3 lines of defence

31
Q

What are 3 things that white blood cells can do to help kill microbes

A

-Consume them
-Produce antibodies
-Produce anti-toxins

32
Q

What’s the process of a white blood cell consuming a microbe

A

Phagocytosis

33
Q

What happens in phagocytosis

A

Engulfs the foreign cells absorbing and destroying them with enzymes

34
Q

What do antibodies attach to on the pathogen

A

Antigens

35
Q

What are antigens

A

Unique molecules on the surface of a microbe

36
Q

What happens when a white blood cell finds a foreign antigen

A

They will rapidly produce proteins called anti-bodies to lock onto the the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed. They are then carried all around the body to find similar bacteria or viruses.

37
Q

Why do anti-bodies have to be specific

A

They can only lock on with the shape of the antigen on that specific microbe

38
Q

What happens if the person is infected with the same pathogen

A

The white blood cell already knows the specific antibody needed to kill it so produces them rapidly meaning the person won’t get ill. They are now naturally immune

39
Q

How does a person become naturally immune to a pathogen

A

By getting the pathogen and producing the correct anti-bodies for it

40
Q

What do vaccinations do

A

Prevent against future infections

41
Q

How do vaccinations prevent against future infections

A

Involve injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens that carry antigens. This causes your body to produce antibodies against it even though it is harmless

42
Q

What happens if you get infected after your vaccine

A

The immune system will already know the correct antibody so will fight it instantaneously. Therefore you won’t get ill.

43
Q

Why do you fell ill

A

It takes time for you body to learn what antibody and anti-toxin it needs. But sometimes before this point you can get very ill.

44
Q

What are the advantages of vaccines

A

-Have helped control lots of communicable disease that were once common in the UK before (polio, measles, tetanus
-Big outbreaks of diseases (epidemics) can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccines

A

-They don’t always work - sometime they don’t give you immunity
-You can sometimes have a bad reaction although that is rare
-There’s some moral disagreement with vaccines
-Pathogens very quickly mutate rendering the vaccine useless

46
Q

What drug can help reduce symptoms but not help cure you

A

Painkillers

47
Q

What drug can help cure you but not relieve symptoms

A

Antibiotics

48
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

They kill or prevent the growth of the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells

49
Q

Why can’t antibiotics destroy viruses

A

Viruses reproduce inside your own cells so the antibiotic would kill your body cell as well

50
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

When a certain bacteria can no longer be harmed by it’s matching antibiotic

51
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

By over-prescribing antibiotics bacteria can mutate and become resistant to it. If you don’t finish your course of antibiotics some bacteria may be left over meaning it can then mutate and become resistant to the medicine.

52
Q

How can you prevent antibiotic resistance

A

By finishing the whole course of anti-biotics even when you feel better. And by doctors not over-prescribing antibiotics when they are not necessary.

53
Q

Where do many drugs come from

A

Plants

54
Q

What medicine is creates from willow

A

The painkiller - aspirin

55
Q

What is aspirin made from

A

Willow

56
Q

What medicine is created from fox glove

A

Digitalis

57
Q

What are the 3 main stages of drug testing

A

1) The preclinical testing where drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
2) The next step of preclinical testing is where it’s tested on live animals
3) Finally if it passes the tests on animals it’s then tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial

58
Q

What are some cons of the first stage of preclinical testing

A

You can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect whole or multiple body systems.

59
Q

What do you test for in the second stage of preclinical testing

A

-The efficiency of the drugs
-Its toxicity levels
-The best dosage

60
Q

What does the law in Britain say about testing before moving onto clinical trials

A

It must be tested on 2 different live mammals

61
Q

What are the 2 opinions on animal testing

A

-Some people say it’s cruel
-Others think it’s the safest way to make sure a drug isn’t too dangerous before been given to humans

62
Q

What happens in the clinical trial

A

1) It’s first tested on healthy volunteers. They’re only given a really low dose at first that gradually builds up
2) If the results from the healthy volunteers are good, the drug can be tested on the people suffering from the illness.
3) Then to test how effective the drug is they split people in two groups. Ones given a placebo another the new drug. Nobody (including both doctor and patient) know who has gotten which. This can help doctors see the actual effect without the interference of the placebo effect.
4) The drug testing and drug trials aren’t published until they’ve been through peer review

63
Q

Why is the drug first tested on healthy volunteers

A

To test for any harmful side effects whilst the body is working normally

64
Q

What do they find out whilst testing on patients

A

The optimum dose

65
Q

How are clinical trails performed

A

Blind - the patient doesn’t know if they got the placebo or not. Often times they are even conducted double blind do neither doctor or patient know who got which dose

66
Q

Why are most clinical trials performed double blind

A

To stop the doctors monitoring and analysing the patients data being subconsciously effected.

67
Q

Why is the drug testing and drug trials put through peer review

A

To prevent false claims

Biology (4 decks)

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