Infection And Response

Question 1

How does bacteria cause illness?

Answer 1

They divide rapidly and release toxins which can directly damage cells

Question 2

How do viruses cause illness

Answer 2

They live and reproduce inside cells which damages and destroys them

Question 3

What are the three main ways communicable diseases can be spread?

Answer 3

Air, direct contact and water

Question 4

What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Answer 4

Causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves affecting the growth

Question 5

How does TMV spread

Answer 5

By contact and insects which are vectors

Question 6

How to prevent TMV

Answer 6

No treatment but good field hygiene and pest control

Question 7

What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot

Answer 7

Purple and black spots forming, leaves turn yellow and drop off early

Question 8

What type of pathogen causes Rose Black Spot

Answer 8

Fungus

Question 9

How does Rose Black Spot spread

Answer 9

Fungal spores carried by wind, water or by animals

Question 10

How to treat Rose Black Spot

Answer 10

Chemical fungicides

Question 11

What pathogen causes malaria

Answer 11

Protists

Question 12

What are symptoms of malaria

Question 13

How to prevent malaria

Answer 13

Preventing vectors (mosquitoes) from breeding, use mosquito nets, use insecticide, take anti malarial drugs

Question 14

What are the four physical natural defence mechanisms

Answer 14

Skin, nose, trachea/bronchi and stomach

Question 15

What are the white blood cells three methods of destroying microbes

Answer 15

1. Phagocytosis
2. Antibody production
3. Antitoxin production

Question 16

What is phagocytosis

Answer 16

Engulfing microbes - break down microbes once inside cell using strong digestive enzymes

Question 17

What is antibody production

Answer 17

White blood cell releases protein known as an antibody which attaches to a specific site in the microbe which leads to it’s destruction

Question 18

What is antitoxin production

Answer 18

Antitoxins are chemicals designed to neutralise the effects uf the toxins which happens on a large scale and reduces effects

Question 19

How can plant diseases be detected

Answer 19

Stunted growth,discolouration, rot/decay, presence of pests

Question 20

What are vaccines

Answer 20

Something that contains a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies

Question 21

What is herd immunity

Answer 21

A large proportion of the population are immune to a disease

Question 22

What are antibiotics used for

Answer 22

To cure bacterial diseases

Question 23

How do antibiotics work

Answer 23

Interact with cell wall of bacteria and cause cell to burst and be destroyed

Question 24

What are the limitations of antibiotics

Answer 24

Antibiotics can’t kill viruses and some bacteria can become resistant

Question 25

What can increase the risk of diabetes

Answer 25

Obesity and poor diet

Question 26

What can increase the risk of CHD

Answer 26

Diet, smoking and lack of exercise

Question 27

What increases the risk of liver disease

Answer 27

Alcohol

Question 28

What is a carcinogen

Answer 28

Something that increases the risk of cancer being developed

Question 29

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours

Answer 29

Benign - don’t spread and easy to treat
Malignant - spread through the body

Question 30

What are some human defence systems

Answer 30

Skin prevents pathogens entering, mucus in nose and trachea traps, acid and enzymes kill pathogens

Question 31

What are some plant defence systems

Answer 31

Cell wall, waxy cuticle and bark are barriers, antibacterial chemical, poisons or thorns to deter other organisms

Question 32

How to lymphocytes protect against infection

Answer 32

They produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by pathogens and antibodies which bind to the antigen of a pathogen but only if they fit. This stops viruses from infecting cells and causes them to clump together

Question 33

What do phagocytes protect against infection

Answer 33

Engulf and ingests pathogens

Question 34

What is a vaccine

Answer 34

A dead or inert version of a virus that is introduced to the body so you can gain immunity and produce antibodies without becoming ill

Question 35

What was the first antibiotic created

Answer 35

Penicillin

Question 36

What are antibiotics

Answer 36

Medicines used to kill bacteria. They attempt to target specific bacteria and avoid good bacteria within the body

Question 37

What happens if antibiotics are used for too long

Answer 37

They can become resistant meaning the antibiotic no longer kills them

Question 38

What is the trial order

Answer 38

1. Lab tests on cell tissue
2. Human trials - use both healthy and unhealthy/placebo and real drug

Question 39

What is a blind trial

Answer 39

Test group are given a drug without knowing whether it is the real thing or a placebo

Question 40

What is a double blind trial

Answer 40

Neither doctors nor patients know whether they are taking a placebo or the real drug

Question 41

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 41

Desired antibodies that are produced by clones of a cell

Question 42

What are the processes of making mono clon al antibodies

Answer 42

1. Removing lymphocytes from mice
2. Combine with tumour cells to form hybridoma cell
3. Clone hybridoma cell to produce many monoclonal antibodies to treat a patient

Question 43

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for

Answer 43

• combatting disease
• medical diagnosis
• pathogen detection
• identifying molecules - dye is bound to antibodies and attaches to specific molecules

Question 44

What are the negatives of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 44

Side effects are worse than expected