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Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

preventing and treating communicable and non communicable diseases!!!

1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen that can be
spread from one person to another.

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2
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be passed from one person
to another.

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

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4
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

Direct contact, by water or by air.

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5
Q

How can we prevent the spread of
communicable diseases?

A

Good hygiene such as handwashing and use of
disinfectants. By isolating infected people, by
destroying the vectors that transmit the disease
and by vaccination.

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6
Q

Why do bacterial infections cause us feel ill?

A

The bacteria produce poisons that damage
tissues and make us feel ill.

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7
Q

Why do viral infections cause us to feel ill?

A

The viruses live and reproduce inside living cells
which causes cell damage.

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8
Q

What is measles?

A

A viral disease that causes fever and a red skin
rash. It can be fatal. It is spread by droplets in
coughs and sneezes.

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9
Q

What is HIV?

A

A viral disease that initially causes flu-like
symptoms that then attacks the body’s immune
cells. It is spread by sexual contact or exchange of
body fluids.

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10
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Late stage HIV. It occurs when the body’s
immune system is so damaged it can no longer
deal with infections or cancers.

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11
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A plant pathogen that causes a discolouration of
leaves which affects growth as it causes less
photosynthesis. It affects lots of plants including
tomatoes.

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12
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A bacterial disease spread in food that causes
food poisoning. It can cause fever, cramps,
vomiting and diarrhoea.

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13
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial disease which
can cause a thick yellow discharge as well as pain
when urinating

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14
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease in plants that causes purple or
black spots on leaves. It is spread by wind and
water.

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15
Q

What pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist.

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16
Q

What is malaria?

A

A disease caused by protists that can cause fever
and death.

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17
Q

How can the spread of malaria be prevented?

A

Preventing the mosquito from breeding and by
using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

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18
Q

How does the skin defend the body from
pathogens?

A

Acts as a barrier and makes antimicrobial
secretions.

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19
Q

How does the nose defend the body from
pathogens?

A

Full of hairs and makes a sticky mucus. These
trap particles that may contain pathogens.

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20
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi defend the
body from pathogens?

A

Secrete mucus that traps pathogens. The lining is
also covered in cilia that waft the mucus to the
back of the throat to be swallowed.

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21
Q

What does vaccination involve?

A

A small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a
pathogen are introduced into the body. The
white blood cells are stimulated to make antibodies.

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22
Q

Why does a vaccination protect someone from a
disease?

A

If the same pathogen re-enters the body the
white blood cells respond more rapidly to produce the
correct antibodies, preventing infection.

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23
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic?

A

Penicillin.

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24
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that help cure bacterial disease by
killing infective bacteria inside the body.

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25
Q

What are the advantages of using antibiotics?

A

They have greatly reduced death from infectious
bacterial infections.

26
Q

What is the issue with using antibiotics?

A

The emergence of strains of bacteria resistant to
the antibiotics.

27
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill
viruses?

A

The drugs typically damage the body tissues also.

28
Q

Traditionally where were drugs extracted from?

A

Plants and microorganisms.

29
Q

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate
from?

A

Foxgloves.

30
Q

Where does the painkiller aspirin originate
from?

A

Willow.

31
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming.

32
Q

Where does Penicillin originate from?

A

Penicillium mould.

33
Q

How are most new drugs now synthesised?

A

By chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.

34
Q

Why do new medical drugs have to be tested
and trialled before being used?

A

To check they are safe and effective.

35
Q

What are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity, efficacy and dose.

36
Q

What does preclinical testing involve?

A

Testing is done in a lab using cells, tissues and live
animals.

37
Q

What does clinical testing involve?

A

They use healthy volunteers, followed by
patients. Low doses of the drug are given at the
start of the trial to test for safety. If it is found to
be safe further trials are done to find the
optimum dose.

38
Q

What is a double-blind trial?

A

It is a trial in which a group are given a placebo,
and another group are given the drug. Neither
the doctor nor the patient know who has been
given what.

39
Q

Why are drugs tested using a placebo?

A

To prove that the drug is effective and to avoid
bias.

40
Q

Why are drugs tested on animals?

A

To find if the drug is toxic.

41
Q

What does the term dose mean?

A

The concentration of the drug to be used and
how often the drug should be given.

42
Q

What does the term toxicity mean?

A

Side effects making the person ill.

43
Q

What does the term efficacy mean?

A

Whether the dug works to treat the illness.

44
Q

What is a casual mechanism?

A

Something that explains how one factor
influences another.

45
Q

What are the risk factors of cardiovascular
disease?

A

Poor diet, smoking and lack of exercise.

46
Q

What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity.

47
Q

What are the risk factors of lung cancer?

A

Smoking.

48
Q

What risk factors can affect an unborn baby?

A

Smoking and alcohol.

49
Q

What is meant by obesity?

A

Being overweight with a BMI over 25.

50
Q

What diseases are linked to obesity?

A

Arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, strokes.

51
Q

What are risk factors of cancer?

A

Carcinogens and ionising radiation.

52
Q

What is cancer?

A

A non-communicable disease that is caused by a
change in cells that leads to uncontrolled growth
and division.

53
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained
within one area by a membrane. They do not
invade other parts of the body.

54
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which invade
neighbouring tissues and spread to other parts of
the body in the blood where they form secondary
tumours.

55
Q

How does cancer travel around the body?

A

Cells break off and travel in the blood.

56
Q

What is the difference between a malignant and
benign tumour?

A

Benign tumours do not invade, malignant do.

57
Q

Why can smoking increase the risk of heart
disease?

A

It raises blood pressure, increases cholesterol and
leads to thickening of the artery walls.

58
Q

Why can smoking increase the risk of lung
cancer?

A

The chemicals in smoke can cause mutations
leading to uncontrolled growth of cells.

59
Q

Why can smoking increase the risk of
emphysema?

A

Smoking damages the alveoli causing the surface
area to decrease. This causes shortness of
breath.

60
Q

Why can smoking increase the risk of lung
infections?

A

Chemicals in the smoke damage the cilia which
causes mucus production to increase, this causes
shortness of breath and increased risk of
infection.

Biology (7 decks)

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