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IMS > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite

A

An organism which depends on another for its survival to the detriment of its host

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2
Q

Helminths

A

Tapeworm

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3
Q

Protozoa

A

Malaria

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4
Q

Transmission of malaria

A

Infects mosquitos then enters human host in the blood as a plasmodium

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5
Q

Transmission of tapeworms

A

Cattle are intermediate carriers. Passed to humans when digesting raw or undercooked infected meat

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6
Q

Transmission of Schistoma spp

A

Intermediate host is the freshwater snail - cercariae leaves snail and enters water then human

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7
Q

What are the 2 forms of fungus

A

yeasts and moulds

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8
Q

What is a dimorphic fungus

A

a fungus that can switch between being a yeast and a a mould

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of fungal infection

A

Superficial and severe invasive

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10
Q

Superficial fungal infection

A

Athlete’s foot and ringworm

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11
Q

Super invasive infection

A

Yeast infection can cause meningitis

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12
Q

Features of a prokaryote

A 
Cell membrane
cell wall
no nucleus
reproduce asexually
no membrane-bound organelles
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13
Q

Classification of bacteria - shape

A

Round - coccus

Rod - bacillus

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14
Q

Classification of bacteria - group

A

clusters, chains or pairs

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15
Q

Sterptococcus pneumonia

A

Gram positive cocci
colonise the nose and throat
cough, dirty sputum, chest pain and fever

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16
Q

How do viruses survive

A

Dependent on infection of host cell for meatbolsim and replication

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17
Q

Common cold virus

A

Rhinovirus

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18
Q

winter vomiting disease

A

Norovirus

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19
Q

Chickenpox

A

Varicella-zoster virus

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20
Q

shingles

A

Herpes-zoster virus

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21
Q

Glandular fever

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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22
Q

Acute infection

A

short period of time - matter of days

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23
Q

chronic infection

A

long period - years

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24
Q

latent infection

A

virus is dormant for a long period before reactivating

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25
Q

EBV and cancer

A

infects the immune system and epithelial cells of the nose and mouth, Can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma

26
Q

HBV (Hepatitis B virus) and cancer

A

can cause liver cancer

27
Q

What are prions

A

Smallest infecive agent

28
Q

Are prions living

A

No, lack nucleic acid so are not living

29
Q

CJD

A

Fatal neurogeneratiev disease

proteins accumulate in neural tissue

30
Q

Variant CJD

A

In young adolescents due to exposure to mad cow disease

31
Q

Kuru

A

Prion disease

spead by cannibalism of brains of dead relatives

32
Q

What is an endogenous infection

A

Caused by an infectious agent that was already in the body

33
Q

what is an exogenous infection

A

Caused by an infectios agent introduced to the host from the external environment.

34
Q

What is micorbial flora

A

The common collective of bacteria that live on the skin, gut and airways

35
Q

What is Cystitis

A

Infection of lower urinary tract - caused by E-Coli

36
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Spread person to person or through contact with animals

37
Q

Example of enogenous infection - bowl

A

E. Coli contaminates perineum - causes urinary tract infection if it spreads

38
Q

Endogenous infection - heart

A

Endocarditis - mouth flora enters bloodstream and reaches heart valves - causes inflammation and structural damage

39
Q

Endogenous infection - skin

A

Impetigo - superficial skin infection due to streptococci

40
Q

Exogenous infection

A

Tetanus - bacteria from soil contaminates wounds and causes muscle spasm

41
Q

Exogenous infection

A

Malaria - From mosquito bites causes severe febrile illness

42
Q

Transmission methods

A 
Airborne
Food and water
Blood
sexual
vertial
43
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Influenze - coughing/sneezing

44
Q

Food and water transmission causes

A

Poor hygeine and food preperation can cause contamination and food poisining

45
Q

Blood-borne transmssion example

A

Hep B virus causes liver infection

46
Q

Sexual transmission example

A

Chlamydia - unprotected sex

47
Q

What does vertical transmission mean

A

Transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy

48
Q

Vertical transmission example

A

Rubella

49
Q

What is the infectious dose

A

The minimum number of organisms required to produce disease

50
Q

What are virulence factors

A

Allow invasion of a host so the virus can replicate

51
Q

Example of a toxin

A

Cholera - Severly watery diarrhoea

52
Q

Mechanism of cholera toxin

A
  • Toxin binds to gut lining cells
  • Activates adenyl cyclase increasing cAMP
  • Reduces sodium absorption
  • Increases chloride secretion
53
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

Micro-organisms mutate to escape antibiotic use

54
Q

Host factors

A

Environment
Barriers to infection
Genetics

55
Q

Environment host factor

A 
Geography
Poverty
Availability of healthcare
Public health infrastructure
Distribution of infectiion hosts
56
Q

Barriers to infection

A 
Skin
Mucous membranes
Stomach acid
Immune system
Present bacteria
57
Q

Stomach acid features

A

Hydrochloric acid

pH of 2

58
Q

What is Naive bacteria

A

Normal gut bacteria which prevents colonisation by pathogenic bacteria

59
Q

Negative effects of antibiotics

A

Destroys normal host bactera and therefore allows infectious bacteria to reproduce and cause disease

60
Q

What standard test is used to test for infectious agents

A

Immunologic tests - Test for presence of antibodies in thre blood as a response to infection

61
Q

What is an antimicrobial agent

A

An agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

IMS (4 decks)

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