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Paediatrics > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are common causes of sepsis in neonates (

A

Group B streptococcus
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

What are common causes of sepsis in children >3 months of age?

A 
Strep. pneumoniae
Group A streptococcus
N. meningitidis
H. influenzae type B
S. aureus
Salmonella spp.
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3
Q

What investigations would you order as part of a septic screen?

A

Bleed’n’breed

FBC
CRP
U&E
Creatinine
Glucose
LFTs
Blood gas
Blood cultures
Urine microscopy and culture
Other samples - throat swab, sputum analysis
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4
Q

What are common causes of meningitis in neonates?

A

Listeria monocytogenes
E. coli
Group B streptococcus
S. aureus

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5
Q

What are common causes of meningitis in children

A

Strep. pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
H. influenzae type B
N. meningitidis (meningococcus)

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6
Q

What are the common causes of meningitis in children >5 years old?

A

N. meningitidis

Strep. pneumoniae

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7
Q

Causes of viral meningitis?

A 
HIV
Adenovirus
Enterovirus
Mumps
Herpes family (EBV, CMV, VZV, HSV)
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8
Q

Signs/symptoms of meningeal irritation?

A

Headache
Photphobia
Neck stiffness
Kernig sign (pain on lower leg extension with hip flexed)
Brudzinski sign (involuntary flexion of knees/hips with neck flexion)

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9
Q

Causes of a petechial rash?

A 
Meningococcal infection
H. influenzae infection
S. pneumoniae
Rikettsial infection
Viral infection (EBV, CMV, enteroviruses)
Malaria
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10
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with bacterial meningitis, what would you expect the appearance to be?

A

Turbid

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11
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with bacterial meningitis, what would you expect the lymphocyte level to be roughly?

A
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12
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with bacterial meningitis, what would you expect the Polymorph levels to be roughly?

A

> 200mm3

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13
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with bacterial meningitis, what would you expect the protein levels to be roughly?

A

0.5-3 g/L

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14
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with bacterial meningitis, what would you expect the glucose levels to be roughly?

A
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15
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with viral meningitis, what would you expect the appearance to be?

A

clear

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16
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with viral meningitis, what would you expect the lymphocyte level to be roughly?

A

10-100 /mm3

17
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with viral meningitis, what would you expect the polymorph level to be roughly?

A

nil

18
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with viral meningitis, what would you expect the protein level to be roughly?

A

0.2 - 1.0 (basically, normal or raised)

19
Q

After performing a lumbar puncture in a person with viral meningitis, what would you expect the glucose level to be roughly?

A

> 1/2 serum which is normal

20
Q

What is the appearance of a normal lumbar puncture?

A

Clear

21
Q

What is the lymphocyte level in a normal lumbar puncture?

A
22
Q

What is the polymorph level in a normal lumbar puncture?

A

Nil

23
Q

What is the protein level in a normal lumbar puncture?

A

0.2-0.4 g/L

24
Q

What is the glucose level in a normal lumbar puncture?

A

> 1/2 serum

25
Q

What are the complications of meningitis?

A

SIADH
Cerebral - seizures, subdural effusion, abscess, infarction, hydrocephalus
Deafness - VIIIth cranial nerve involvement

26
Q

What are the contraindications to performing a lumbar puncture?

A

Neurological: raised ICP; impaired consciousness; focal neuro signs; focal/prolonged seizures
Cardiopulmonary compromise
Local skin infection around the puncture site
Coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia

27
Q

Causes of viral encephalitis?

A

Herpes family ( HSV 1 and 2, VZV and HHV 6)
MMR
Enteroviruses
HIV 1

28
Q

Clinical features of encephalitis?

A

General (Fever, headache, lethargy, vomiting)
Seizures
Focal neurological signs

29
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

Airborne or contact

30
Q

What is the incubation time of VZV?

A

2-3 weeks

31
Q

When is a child with chicken pox infectious?

A

5 days post-rash onset

32
Q

What is the progression of the rash seen in chicken pox?

A

Macules to papules to vesicles to pustules to crusts

Usually seen all at once on the skin

33
Q

What are potential complications of chicken pox?

A

Superinfection of the skin (S. aureus/Strep)
Pneumonia
Encephalitis
Purpura fulminans (vasculitis in skin/subcut tissues)

Paediatrics (2 decks)

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