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Pathology > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

response of vascularized tissues to infections and damage

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2
Q

two types of inflammation

A

Acute or Chronic

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3
Q

main differences between acute vs chronic onset

A

chronic: slow onset
acute: fast onset

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4
Q

main differences between acute vs chronic cellular infiltrate

A

chronic: monocytes/ macrophage and lymphocytes
acute: neutrophils

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5
Q

main differences between acute vs chronic local and systemic sign

A

acute: prominat redness and hotness
chronic: less

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6
Q

steps of inflammation (4)

A
  1. offending agent is recognized
  2. leukocytes and plasma proteins recruited from circulation
  3. leukocytes and proteins are activated
    reaction is controlled and terminated
  4. tissue damage is repaired `
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7
Q

Leukocytes (wbc)

A

eliminating the offending agents example neutrophils and macrophages

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8
Q

____ eliminate offending agents and produce growth factors for repair

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

steps of recruiting inflammitory cells (3)

A
  1. margination, rolling and adhesion
  2. migration across endothelium
  3. migration in tissue towards stimulus
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10
Q

what is an example of sentinel cells

A

macrophages

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11
Q

purpose of sentinel (macrophage) in recruitment

A

recognize something is wrong and secrete several cytokines

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12
Q

cytokines job in recruitment

A

initiate the process, Slow down blood flow, act on endothelial cells adjacent to the infection and induce adhension molecules

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13
Q

Margination

A

slowing blood flow to push leukocytes to peripheral

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14
Q

after margination leukocytes adhere ___ which causing rolling

A

transiently

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15
Q

After rolling leukocytes will ____ bind to the epithelium

A

firmly

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16
Q

two majory family of adhesion molecules

A

selectins and integrins

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17
Q

what do selectins do

A

select what binds to the epithelium with a low affinity

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18
Q

types of selections

A

L (leukocytes )
E (endothelium)
P (endothelium and platelets)

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19
Q

what is the purpose of seletions having a low affininy binding

A

to slow down the target molecules as to not disturb blood flow

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20
Q

what is the purpose of integrins

A

create a firm adhesion to the endothelium

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21
Q

types of integrins

A

VCAM 1 and ICAM 1

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22
Q

what happens to the shape of leukocytes when they bind to integrins

A

cytoskeleton reorganization to get skinny and flat

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23
Q

what is transmigration

A

process of leukocytes squeezing vessel wall to sight of injury

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24
Q

PECAM 1

A

adhesion molecule involved with squeezing through vessel wall

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25
Q

how does migration through tissue to sight of injury work

A

collagenases and metalloproteinases break doen ECM to allow cells to migrate towards chemotactic gradient

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26
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical gradient that attracts leukocytes to site of injury

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27
Q

exogenous chemoattractants

A

bacterial products including peptides

28
Q

endogenous chemoattractants

A

cytokines, components of the complement system (C5a) and other metabolites

29
Q

what do chemotactic binds to on leukocytes and what does this do

A

G protein coupled receptors intracellular cascade resulting in cytoskeleton changes which aid movement

30
Q

when injury occurs there is a influx of ____ and then after a couple days ____

A

neutrophils
macrophages

31
Q

Neutrophils response to antigen

A

more numerous in the blood → respond more rapidly to
chemokines; attach more firmly to adhesion molecules

32
Q

why are Monocytes/Macrophages present in tissue for longer

A

longer survival, may proliferate in the tissue

33
Q

why are neutrophils not present in tissue for long periods of time

A

short lived → undergo apoptosis after 24-48 hours

34
Q

leukocyte activation

A

recognition of microbes or dead cells 4

35
Q

leukocytes response to microbe post activation

A

phagocytosis and intracellular destruction (killing)

36
Q

How does a leukocyte distinguish from host and microbe

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins in microbial cells contain terminal mannose and fructose (in mammals this would be salic acid or N scetylgalactosamine)

37
Q

termination of the acute inflammiroty response

A
  1. macrophages adopt antiinflammatory mechanism
38
Q

four major recpetors in microbe and cell injury

A

lectin
toll like TLR
NOD like
RIG lik

39
Q

lectin receptor

A

identifies microbe polysaccharide due to manose

40
Q

TLR receptor

A

transmembrane, specificity of danger signal recognition

41
Q

NOD receptor

A

intracellular receptor
recognize specific danger signal in cytoplasm

42
Q

RIG recpetors

A

recognize viral RNA in cytoplasm using RNA helicase activity

43
Q

chronic inflammation

A

prolonged inflammation, tissue injury attempts at repair coexist

44
Q

key factor of chronic inflammation

A

immune helper cells try to heal but results in changes to cells due to ongoing stimulation

45
Q

causes of chronic inflammation

A

1 Persistent infections
2 Hypersensitivity disease
3 Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents

46
Q

Persistent infections

A

difficult to eradicate microorganisms

47
Q

Hypersensitivity disease

A

excessive and inappropriate activation of the immune system (autoimmune, allergies)

48
Q

Morphologic features of Chronic Inflammation

A

Infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages)
Tissue destruction
fibrosis (attempts at healing)

49
Q

Macrophages function in inflammation

A

1 Secrete cytokines and growth factors
2 phagocytosis of antigens
3 activate T lymphocytes

50
Q

where are macropgahes derrived from

A

bone marrow in adults
yolk in development
but both from hematopoietic steam cells

51
Q

two pathways of macrophage activation

A

alternative and classical

52
Q

alternative pathways of macrophage activation

A

Activated by cytokines, does not kill microbes, growth factors cytokines and tissue repair

53
Q

classical pathways of activation

A

Activated by microbial products, kill microbes, Produce ROS, NO, lysosomal enzymes, cytokines

54
Q

what are the dominant cells in autoimmune and hypersensitivity diseases

A

lymphocytes because they amplify and propagate chronic inflammation

55
Q

T-cells role in inflammation

A

once activated by macrophage secretes cytokines and regulates macrophate activation

56
Q

B-cells role in inflammation

A

React directly with antigens but needs stimulation from helper T cells to mature to plasma cells or memory cells

57
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies

58
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever
acute
leukocytosis

59
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation are also refered to as

A

acute-phase response

60
Q

what causes Faster erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

increase in fibrinogen

61
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased leukocyte WBC count

62
Q

why does leukocytosis occur as a result of inflammation

A

accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow postmitotic reserve pool

63
Q

types of tissue repair

A

Regeneration
Connective tissue deposition

64
Q

Regeneration

A

Damage to epithelium but not the underlying tissue
Proliferation of surviving cells that retain ability to proliferate

65
Q

Connective tissue depositions

A

Supporting structures severely damaged Fibrous tissue secretes collagen no function only structure

66
Q
A

Pathology (14 decks)

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