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imed3004 COPY > Inflammatory Skin Diseases > Flashcards

Inflammatory Skin Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is spongiotic dermatitis?

A

A histological term describing conditions which are characterized by spongiosis (intracellular oedema within epidermis causing keratinocytes to be pushed apart)

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2
Q

What changes accompany spongiotic dermatitis?

A

Inflammatory cells within the epidermis and around the superficial dermis.

Thickening (acanthosis)

Hyperkeratosis (increased keratin in stratum corneum)

Parakeratosis (retention of nuclei in stratum corneum)

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3
Q

What does keratinocyte exocytoses look like on histology?

A

White spaces between epidermal cells.

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4
Q

What are the histology features of spongiotic dermatitis?

A

Keratinocytes pushed apart by oedema fluid

Parakeratosis (nuclei stained within stratum corneum due to abnormal maturation of keratinocytes)

Inflammatory cells (Lymphocytes and eosniphils in spongiotic area)

Inflammatory infiltrate around superficial blood vessels within dermis

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5
Q

What kind of condition commonly shows the spongiotic dermatitis histological pattern?

A

Eczema

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6
Q

What are the types of eczematous dermatitis?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

Irritant contact dermatitis

Atopic eczema

Drug-related eczema

Photoeczematous dermatitis

Nummular (“Discoid”) eczema

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7
Q

What are the features of atopic eczema?

A

Intense pruritus and a chronic course.

Onset usually in infancy or childhood

Often accompanied by other atopic disorders

Atopy is linked to presence of allergen specific serum IgE antibodies

Both a genetic predisposition and environmental triggers have pathogenic roles in AtopicDermatitis.

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8
Q

What are the types of skin manifestations caused by atopic eczema?

A

Acute lesions: edematous, erythematous

Subacture lesions: Erythematous patches or plaques with scaling and variable crusting

Chronic lesions: Thickened plaques with lichenifcation as well as scalings.

Small perifollicular papules are especially common in patients with darkly pigmented skin.

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9
Q

What genetic factors are related to atopic eczema?

A

Loss-of-function variants in the flaggrin gene (FLG) which encodes a protein important to epidermal barrier function

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10
Q

What are the types of contact dermatitis?

A

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) which makes up 80% of contact dermatitis secondary to a local toxic effect caused by a topical substance of physical insult.

Allergic contact dermatitis is the other 20% caused by delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to substance.

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11
Q

What information is used to diagnose contact dermatitis?

A

The location of the dermatitis (eg watch area or deoderant area)

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12
Q

What is seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A

Common disorder with both an infantile and adult form.

Possibly related to sebum contents and malassezia species.

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13
Q

What condition is seborrheic dermatitis commonly associated with?

A

HIV infection or a neurological disorder

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14
Q

What is the distribution of seborrhoeic dermatitis commonly?

A

Scalp

Ears

Medial eyebrows

Upper eyelids

Nasolabial folds

Central chest

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15
Q

What do seborrhoeic dermatitis lesions look like?

A

Pink-yellow to red-brown with greasy scale

On the scalp involvement tends to be more diffuse

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16
Q

What does histology show with seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A

Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis around hair follicles

Mild spongiosis (it is considered a spongiotic dermatitis histologically)

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17
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Common chronic inflammatory dermatosis that appears to have autoimmune basis

Can affect any site variably and can be associated with arthritis

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18
Q

What stage of life does psoriasis most commonly show up?

A

Teens/eary adults

6th decade of life

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19
Q

What causes psoriasis pathophysiologically?

A

Linked to certain genes within the HLA locus. Affects sensitized populations of CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cells and activated CD8+ cytotoxic effector T cells enter the skin and accumulate in epidermis which then create an abnormal environment by stimulating secretion of cytokines and growth factors that indicate keratinocyte proliferation resulting in the characteristic lesions.

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20
Q

What do psoriasis plaques look like?

A

Raised, sharply demarcated silvery scaled lesions.

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21
Q

Where are psoriasis lesions commonly located?

A

Scalp, extensor surfaces, lower back and umbilicus

Koebnerisation - lesions can appear at sites of previous trauma.

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22
Q

What are the types of psoriasis?

A

Guttate psoriasis (Small papules over trunk and proximal extremities in younger patients)

Pustular psoriasis (pustules over the trunk and extremities associated with fever and can progress to erythroderma)

Psoriatic erythroderma (erythema over entire skin surface, desquamation and systemic symptoms)

Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis

Psoriasis inversa

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23
Q

What are the histology features of classic plaque psoriasis?

A

Parakeratosis

Loss of granular layer

Thinning of suprapapillary plates

Increased mitotic figures in the basal layer

Munro’s microabscesses

Spongiform pustule of kogoj

Dilated and tortuous capillaries

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24
Q

What are the histological features of guttate psoriasis?

A

Mounds of parakeratosis

Acanthosis with mild spongiosis

Lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltrate

25
Q

What are the histological features of pustular psoriasis?

A

Spongiform pustules that expand to become larger macropustules.

26
Q

What are acute eczema lesions?

A

Edematous, erythematous papules and plaques that may have vesiculation, oozing and crusting.

27
Q

What are Subacute eczema lesions?

A

Erythematous patches or plaques with scaling and variable crusting

28
Q

What are chronic eczema lesions?

A

Thickened plaques with lichenification as well as scaling

29
Q

What is rosacea?

A

A form of chronic rash on the face especially its central portion which usually sets in during the 4th decade of life

30
Q

How severe is rosacea?

A

Highly variable from a few papulopustules to extreme distortion of the nose

31
Q

What causes rosacea?

A

Multifactorial aetiology:

Vascular hyperreactivity

Alterations in innate immunity

Demodex mites and commensal bacteria

32
Q

What are the types of rosacea?

A

Erythematotelanglectatic

Papulopustular

Phymatous

Ocular

33
Q

What are the histological features of rosacea?

A

Telangiectatic blood vessels (widened blood vessels causing reddening of skin)

Dilated hair follicles

Perifollicular inflammation

Demodex mites within hair follicles

34
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives which is caused by localized mast cell degranulation and dermal microvascular hyperpermeability.

35
Q

What are pruritic oedematous plaques that cause hives called?

A

Wheals

36
Q

Which age groups are most susceptible to urticaria?

A

20 to 40 years

37
Q

Which areas are most prone to urticarial eruptions?

A

Any area exposed to pressure such as trunk, distal extremities, and ears

38
Q

What is closely related to urticaria?

A

Angioedema, characterized by oedema of the deeper dermis and the subcutaneous fat.

39
Q

What is the most important feature of urticaria?

A

Lesions develop and fade within hours or less and episodes may last for days -> months.

40
Q

What are the types of urticaria as classified by aetiology?

A

Mast cell-dependent, IgE-dependent (normal type I hypersensitivity)

Mast cell-dependent, IgE independent (Degranulation directly triggered by substance)

Mast cell-independent, IgE independent (Substances directly dilate blood vessels and cause urticaria)

41
Q

What abnormalities are seen in urticaria histology?

A

Very subtle changes.

Collagen fibers are pushed apart by tissue oedema

Mild perivascular infiltrate of inflammatory cells including neutrophils and eosinophils

42
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

Inflammatory infiltrate that targets blood vessels and leads to destruction of blood vessel walls.

43
Q

Does cutaneous vasculitis occur in isolation?

A

It can occur in isolation or together with involvement of other organs

44
Q

What basis is used to classify vasculitides?

A

Based on the size of the vessels affected.

45
Q

What blood vessels are most often involved in cutaneous vasculitides?

A

Small blood vessels

46
Q

What is leucocytoclastic vasculitis?

A

Vasculitis in small blood vessels within dermis caused by circulating immune complexes resulting in a cutaneous reaction pattern.

47
Q

What causes lleucoytoclastic vasculitis?

A

Idiopathic in 40% of cases and can also be caused by:

Drugs, infection, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, connective tissue disease, henoch-schonlein purpura, systemic vasculitis, malignancy

48
Q

What is mixed cryoglobulinaemia?

A

Proteins precipitating out of blood at certain temperatures

49
Q

What is henoch-schonlein purpura?

A

IgA mediated problem

50
Q

What are the features of leucocytoclastic purpura?

A

Palpable purpura is the classic manifestation

Typically affects lower legs

51
Q

What are the histological features of leucocytoclastic vasculitis?

A

Inflammation around small blood vessels with damage to endothelium

Nuclear debris from breakdown of neutrophils

Fibrin deposition reflecting damage to endothelium. (appears bright pink around blood vessels)

Infiltration of vessel walls by neutrophils

52
Q

What does endothelial damage in vasculitis look like?

A

Endothelial necrosis

Fibrinoid change

Erythrocytes in dermis

53
Q

What does histology do in the diagnosis of vasculitis?

A

Confirms or denies the presence of vasculitis

Tells us the nature of the inflammatory process

Tells us the type and size of vessels affected

54
Q

What type of biopsy must be taken for vasculitides?

A

A deep incisional biopsy including subcutaneous fat and larger vessels

55
Q

What else must be taken in conjunction with biopsy for accurate diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitides?

A

Serology and immunofluorescence

56
Q

What types of vasculitis could affect larger vessels in the skin?

A

ANCA-associated vasculitis (Wegner’s, Churg-Strauss, microscopic polyangiitis)

Polyarteritis nodosa (Segmental vasculitis affecting medium sized vessels including small arteries in the deep dermis and subcutis)

57
Q

What is the ideal method of taking an incisional biopsy?

A

Most of the biopsy should include the affected tissue

58
Q

What are the types of biopsies that can be taken of skin disorders?

A

Shave biopsy (small razor blade used and used to diagnose eczematous disorders, psoriasis, lichenoid disorders)

Punch biopsy (Used for urticaria, small vessel vasculitis, connective tissue diseases)

Incisional biopsy (pennicullitis [fat inflammation] as well as medium/large vessel vasculitis)

imed3004 COPY (50 decks)

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