Influence of Factions

Question 1

Conservative Faction

Answer 1

• Conservative Religious Policy
• Hated the power of Cromwell
• Promoted greater emphasis on 7 sacraments and good work over faith alone

KEY INDIVIDUALS: The Duke of Norfolk and his son the Earl of Surrey; Stephen Gardiner Bishop if Winchester; Sir Thomas Wriothesley

Question 2

Reformist Faction

Answer 2

• Use influence on Henry to push reformist ideas
• eg. Introduction of the English Bible, Bishops Book, Act of Ten Articles
• Cranmer and Cromwell wanted to use the Break with Rome for this

KEY INDIVIDUALS: Thomas Cranmer; Catherine Parr; Edward Seymour; Sir William Paget; Sir Anthony Denny

Question 3

The Act of the Six Articles

Answer 3

1539-Reenforced 7 sacraments and the importance of mass

• Win for conservatives- shows Henrys personal conservatism
• Political Defeat for reformists-Bishop of Worcester (Huge Latimer) and Bishop of Salisbury (Nicholas Shaxton) resign their sees.

Question 4

Henry’s Marriage to Anne of Cleves

Answer 4

• Cromwell exploited Henry’s unmarried state- to reenforce reformist influence; marriage as bulwark against unified might of Fr and HRE
• Marriage Ceremony January 1540
• Ugly- Cromwell to seek annulment on grounds of non-consummation

Question 5

Fall of Cromwell

Answer 5

• Reports of investigation into heretical groups in calais forwarded by Lord Lisle showed he had tried to remove the heretics but Cromwell had allowed them to remain
• June 10th 1540 - Cromwell arrested and taken to the ToL
• Act of Attainder passed against him
• 28th July 1540 he was executed .

Question 6

Henry’s Marriage to Catherine Howard

Answer 6

• Opp for Duke of Norfolk and Conservative Faction after failure of AoC marriage
• Norfolk used position in Privy Council to present niece
• They met at Stephen Gardiner’s house -immediately attracted him with good looks and personality
• Marriage August 1540

Question 7

Effects of Marriage to Anne of Cleves

Answer 7

• Henry further rewarded Cromwell (despite slow process of annulment)
• April 1540 Cromwell created Earl of Essex and Lord Great Chamberlain (in house of Lords for the first time)
• Increasing crit from conservatives ( was this not always the case?)

Question 8

Effects of the Fall of Cromwell

Answer 8

• End of gov by a single minister and return to form of gov that was dependant on interplay of factions
• Henry’s dominating personality ( previously screwed by Cromwell ) was exposed - ‘Henry’s Honour’
• No attempt made to remove all of Cromwell’s placemen esp. Cranmer ( perhaps as he wanted to establish conditions in which Edward could succeed / own ill health)

Question 9

The breakup of the Catherine Howard marriage

Answer 9

• Catherine had possibly always been a bad choice- didn’t have maturity and shrewdness of Anne Boleyn
• Accused of adultery

Question 10

The breakup of the Catherine Howard marriage

Answer 10

• Catherine had possibly always been a bad choice- didn’t have maturity and shrewdness of Anne Boleyn
• Accused of adultery
• All Souls Mass 1541- Cranmer passed details of Cs adultery to Henry in a sealed envelope. Provided by lutheran sympathiser who’s sister was Catherine’s retinue
• Queen and Lady Rochford executed in Feb 1542
• 2 men had been executed in Dec

Norfolk and associates not punished but allowed to remain away from court in disgrace!

Question 11

Lady Rochford

Answer 11

• Widow of George Boleyn (Annes Brother)
• Fed Catherines demands for political favours
• Facilitated secret assignations between Catherine and no. of men e.g. Thomas Culpepper
• Long Term Strategy? To get Anne pregnant (even if not by Henry who was thought to have problems conceiving due to his weight)