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BIOM2202 > Inheritance and Transfer of Genetic Material > Flashcards

Inheritance and Transfer of Genetic Material Flashcards

Module 2

1
Q

Lac- represents the

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

Genotypes are written:

A

Italics, and all lowercase

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3
Q

All living entities, and viruses & plasmids contain a genome. T/F

A

True

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4
Q

RNA viruses can have as little as __ genes.

A

3

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5
Q

DNA viruses can have _____ genes

A

9 - ~150`

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6
Q

Alternative splicing and introns add…

A

Further phenotypic complexity

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7
Q

Monoploid organisms have x copies of what

A

1 copy of the genome

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8
Q

Bacterial and viral genomes are diploid. T/F

A

False. Bacterial and viral genomes are monoploid

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9
Q

The haploid gametes produced by (most) diploid organisms are monoploid, and these can combine to form a diploid zygote. T/F

A

True

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10
Q

Merodiploid state:

A

Organisms can carry more than 1 copy of a gene

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11
Q

Bacteria and viruses never have a haploid state because…

A

They dont produce gametes

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12
Q

Operon:

A

Cluster of genes operated by the same factor

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13
Q

Viral genomes have a low coding density. T/F

A

False. Very high coding density

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14
Q

Viral genomes are useless unless they…

A

Infect a living host

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15
Q

The three stages of bacterial and viral replication:

A
  1. Growth phase
  2. Duplication of genome
  3. Division of cell and fission of cytoplasm
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16
Q

Prototrophs:

A

Synthesise everything they require and reproduce with an energy source. wT only

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17
Q

Auxotrophic:

A

Mutant bacteria that requires additional metabolites for growth

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18
Q

Vertical transfer:

A

Parent –> offspring

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19
Q

Horizontal transfer:

A

Non-descendant of the same or different species

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20
Q

Under optimal conditions, how long does it take for for E.coli to replicate?

A
  • 20 minutes
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21
Q

The 3 parasexual processes:

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
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22
Q

Bacteriophage T4:

A

Uses metabolism of host cell to produce progeny viruses that kills the host in the process.

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23
Q

Bacteriophage lambda:

A

Can either kill the host cell;
or
It can enter into a special association with the host and replicate its genome alone with the hosts genome during each duplication.

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24
Q

Bacteriophage T4 is a…

A

Lytic phage

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25
Q

Lytic pgage bacteria:

A
  1. Once infected bacterium, it replicates and kills the host;
  2. Creates ~300 progeny viruses per infected host cell
  3. Phage DNA is injected –> inhibits transcription, translation and replication of bacterial genes
  4. Virus is in control of bacterial metabolic energy
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26
Q

Nuclease:

A

Degrades hosts DNA

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27
Q

What enzyme degrades the bacterial cell wall?

A

Enzyme lysozyme

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28
Q

How do enzymes degrade the host DNA without destroying the DNA of the virus?

A

T4DNA contains a modified cytosine base 5-hydromethylcytosine;

furthermore,

Derivatives of glucose molecules are attached to the abnormal cytosine.

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29
Q

Lambda can adopt what pathways?

A
  1. Lytic

2. Lysogenic

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30
Q

Lysogenic pathway operates:

A
  1. Bacteriophage is Inserted into the host chromosome and replicated with the chromosome as a prophage
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31
Q

What must NOT be expressed for the lysogenic pathway to occur?

A

Genes that encode products for lytic pathways, replication of phage, structural proteins and the lysozyme must not be expressed

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32
Q

Integration of lambda occurs…

A

at attachment site attP on the lambda chromosome and attpB on the bacterial chromosome;

mediated by lambda intergrase; attP and attB have the same sequence of nucleotides:

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33
Q

Bacterial chromosomes are circular. T/F

A

True

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34
Q

Bacteria will grow in a ___medium. If on a semi-solid medium, bacterium will divide and grow exponentially

A

liquid

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35
Q

A plasmids replication is dependant of the main chromosome in an extra-chromosomal state. T/F

A

False. Can replicate independantly

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36
Q

F factors:

A

Transfer of fertility factors –> Sexduction

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37
Q

R plasmids:

A

Resistance plasmids; make host cells resistant to antibiotics and other anti-bacterial drugs

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38
Q

Col plasmids:

A

Encode proteins kill sensitive bacterium cells

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39
Q

Transformation does not occur in e.coli under standard conditions. T/F

A

True

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40
Q

Bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule are…

A

Virulent

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41
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae has a polysacchardie capsule T/F

A

True

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42
Q

Type S Bacteriophage:

A

Smooth colonies
Encapsulated
Pathogenic

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43
Q

Type R Bacteriphage:

A

Rough colonies
No polysaccharide capsule
Avirulent

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44
Q

Type R can mutate back to Type S bacteriphage. T/F

A

True

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45
Q

The purpose of the polysaccharide capsule is to…

A

Protect bacterial cells from destruction by WBCs

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46
Q

Competent bacteria:

A

Cells that express the genes that encode proteins required for the process are capable of taking up DNA.

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47
Q

Competent bacteria are Type __

A

Type S

48
Q

Competence COM proteins:

A

Proteins that mediate transformation process

Obtained in the last phase of the growth cycle prior to cytokinesis

49
Q

Heteroduplex:

A

Heterozygous double helix

50
Q

E.coli cells transfer via conjugation. T/F

A

True

51
Q

Donor cells have surface appendages called…

A

F-pili, controlled by the f-factor (fertility factor)

52
Q

What is the purpose of f-pilli?

A
  1. The f-pili of the donor cell makes contact with recipient cell (lacks f-factor)
  2. Cells are attached
  3. Cells are pulled into close contact
  4. Conjugation channel forms between the cells
    - -> DNA is transferred though channel
53
Q

F-factors can exist in 2 states:

A
  1. Autonomous state
    Replicates independently of chromosomes
  2. Integrated state
    Covalently inserted into bacterial chromosome and replicates like any other segment of that chromosome
54
Q

Cells that carry an integrated f-factor are called…

A

Hfr cell, High Frequency Recombination

55
Q

How does the recipient develop an f-factor?

A
  1. One copy of the donor chromosome is synthesised in the donor cell, and the transferred strand of donor DNA is replicated in the recipient cell.
  2. The recipient cell acquires a complete f-factor and is converted to an Hfr cell ONLY if an entire Hfr chromosome is transferred
56
Q

Episome:

A

Genetic element that is not essential, and can replicate autonomously or intergraded

57
Q

When f-factors are transferred from cell-to-cell, what is also transferred?

A

The piece of chromosomal DNA

58
Q

The F+/Hr/F conversion gives…

A

An almost infinite genome and an ability to acquire new genes

59
Q

Viruses can only posses an RNA genome. T/F

A

False. Viruses can posses both a DNA or an RNA genome

60
Q

Virulent bacteriophage are…

A

Lytic phage

61
Q

Temperate bacteriophages are…

A

Lysogenic

62
Q

Bacteriophage T4 is a double stranded phage with…

A

Linear chomosome,

63
Q

Bacteriophage T4 Tail fibers attach to…

A

Cell receptors

64
Q

Within the head, is a capsid, which contains the..

A

Genome

65
Q

Bacteriophage T4 carries a unique compound…

A

5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine

66
Q

When T4 enters a cell…

A

T4 becomes terminally redundant and circularly permutated

As a result of:

  1. Post-replication crossovers
  2. Concatamer cutting
  3. Headful packaging
67
Q

T4 has the ability to package non-T4 DNA. T/F

A

True

68
Q

Circular permutation ensures…

A

Same spread of genes with every head

i.e.

ABCDE
BCDE
CDEAB

69
Q

In relation to size, bacteriophage lambda is ___ to T4

A

Smaller

70
Q

When bacteriophage lambda is intergrated, it is then called a…

A

Prophage

71
Q

Lambda phage can switch between lytic and lysogenic cycles. T/F

A

True

72
Q

In transduction, a bacteriophage transfers DNA from…

A

A donor cell to a recipient cell

73
Q

Genralised transduction can happen at sites…

A

At any site

74
Q

Genralised transduction pathway:

A

A random fragment of bacterial DNA is packaged in the Phage head in place of the Phage DNA

75
Q

Specialized transduction occurs…

A

At DNA adjacent to attachment site ONLY

76
Q

Specialised transduction pathway:

A

Recombination between the Phage chromosome and the host chromosome gives –> a Phage chromosome containing a piece of bacterial DNA

77
Q

Both lytic and lysogenic phage can mediate…

A

Genralised transduction

78
Q

Lysogenic phage can mediate…

A

Specialised transduction only

79
Q

Lambda phage is dependant on:

A

Intergrase

80
Q

Normal excision of a Lambda prophage occurs through…

A

Att sites

81
Q

The U-tube apparatus can be used to differentiate between…

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
82
Q

Transpoons are found within the…

A

Genome

83
Q

Transpoons have the ability to jump from one region to another. T/F

A

True

84
Q

Transpoons have their own origin of replication. T/F

A

False

they exist as part of a replicon (plasmid or chromosome)

85
Q

Transposons

A

Found within the genome
Can move from one region to another –> “jumping genes”

Do not have their own origin of replication; they exist as part of a replicon (plasmid or chromosome)

86
Q

Cut-and-paste Transposition

A

An element is excised from one site in a chromosome and pasted into a new site.

*Performed by transposase; usually encoded by the transposon itself.

Prokaryotes only Insertion sequences
Composite transpoons

87
Q

Replicative Transposition:

A

An element is replicated, and one copy is inserted at a new site

one copy also remains at the original site.

- Prokaryotes only
- Replicative
88
Q

Retro-transposition:

A

An element’s mRNA transcripts are used as a template to synthesize DNA molecules by reverse transcription.

These are then inserted into new genomic sites.
- Eukaryotes ONLY

89
Q

Insertion Sequences

A

The simplest bacterial transposons
Gene products are involved in transposition only

  • Terminal inverted repeats at the C-terminus and N-terminus

Edonuclease recognise staggered sequence –> excise gene such that the double strand is split –> duplication

90
Q

F-plasmids contain…

A

3 Insertion sequences, and are jumping around

91
Q

Composite Transposons (Tn)

A

When 2 Insertion sequences insert proximal to eachother

Tn3 elements: larger than IS elements:
Contain genes not required for transposition

  • Contain simple inverted repeats
  • Produce target site duplication
  • Replicative transposons
92
Q

Which is a true statement about the phage T4?

A
  1. Is virulent

2. Can infect e.coli

93
Q

Which is a true statement about the phage lambda?

A
  1. It is a temperate phage

2. Can infect e.coli

94
Q

T4 contains a modified DNA base. Which base is modified and for what purpose?

A

Cytosine; to protect phage DNA from phage encoded DNAse

95
Q

When bacteriophage I intergrates into the bacterial chromosome, it does so at:

A

An att B site in the host chromosome using a lambda-encoded integrase

96
Q

Wild type bacteria that can synthesize all necessary metabolites are known as:

A

Prototrophs

97
Q

A mutant of E. coli is designated Strr and arg-

Which of the following best describes this genotype?

A

antibiotic resistant, auxotrophic

98
Q

With rare exceptions, after gene transfer occurs, the recipient cells become

A

Partial diploids

–> bacteria are typically haploid as they have one set of one chromosome, but with the bonus DNA from horizontal gene transfer, they have taken up a part of another homologous chromosome - making it diploid - but as this is only a portion, and not a full chromosome, it is a partial diploid

99
Q

Which process relies on phage as the vehicles of DNA transport?

A

Transduction

100
Q

Which process requires cell-to-cell contact for DNA transfer?

A

Conjugation

101
Q

While conducting research you notice that when you add DNAse to the medium that genetic exchange no longer occurs in your bacteria. What can you conclude about the method of genetic exchange that was occurring?

A

Transformation was taking place before the addition of DNAse

102
Q

A recombinant double helix will have one allele in one strand and the other allele in the second strand is known as a:

A

Heteroduplex

103
Q

Why is the F factor considered to be an episome?

A

The F factor can exist in an autonomous or integrated state

104
Q

Which form of replication mediates the transfer of chromosomes from Hfr cells to F cells?

A

Rolling circle replication

105
Q

Transfer of F’ factors into recipient cells is a process known as:

A

Sexduction

106
Q

Which of the following is a type of nucleic acid most commonly found as a single stranded molecule?

A

RNA

107
Q

The genetic information in most organisms, excluding viruses, viroids, and prions, is encoded in what molecule?

A

DNA

108
Q

Experiments subsequent to Griffith’s 1928 experiment showed that:

A

DNAse treatment eliminates all transforming activity

109
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of DNA

A

DNA is composed of nucleotides

110
Q

Deoxyribose molecules are held together in the backbone of DNA by what type of chemical bond?

A

Phosphodiester

111
Q

Nitrogenous bases are held together in the center of the DNA molecule by what type of chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen

112
Q

A structure known a ___ is the functional state of a bacterial chromosome.

A

Folded genome

113
Q

During gel electrophoresis, DNA migrates toward…

A

The positive end, because DNA is neg. charged

114
Q

Excision and insertion events conducted by transposons are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes?

A

Transposase

115
Q

Which part of the conjugative R plasmid contains the genes for antibiotic resistance?

A

R-det

116
Q

Bacteria reproduce:

A

Asexually via binary fission

117
Q

Which of the following phenomena was discovered by Barbara McClintock?

A

Transposition

BIOM2202 (5 decks)

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