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Sports Studies Paper 1 > Injury Prevention and Rehab > Flashcards

Injury Prevention and Rehab Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acute injury?

A

A sudden injury associated with a traumatic event

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2
Q

What is a chronic injury?

A

A slowly developed injury associated with overuse

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3
Q

What is a hard tissue injury?

A

Damage to the bone, joint or cartilage, including fractures and dislocations

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4
Q

What is a soft tissue injury?

A

Damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament, including tears, strains and sprains

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5
Q

What are some examples of Acute Hard tissue injuries?

A
  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
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6
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A partial or complete break in bone due to an excessive force that overcomes the bone’s potential to flex

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7
Q

What is the diffence between compound and simple fractures?

A

COMPOUND - the fractured bones themselves break through the skin, creating an open wond with a high risk of infection

SIMPLE - the skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes little movement of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the soft tissue surrounding it

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8
Q

What are the 7 types of possible fracture and describe them?

A

GREENSTICK - a splitting partial break in the bone resulting from a bending action

TRANSVERSE - a crack horizontal across the length of the bone

OBLIQUE - a diagonal crack across the length of the bone

SPIRAL - a crack across the length of the bone caused by twisting

COMMINUTED - a crack producing multiple fragments of bone

IMPACTED - a break caused by the ends of a bone being compressed together

AVULSION - a bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachment

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9
Q

What is the difference between an incomplete and a complete fracture?

A

COMPLETE = a total break in the bone which separates the bone into two or more

INCOMPLETE = a partial crack in the bone which doesn’t completely separate it

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10
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

The displacement of one bone from another out of their original position

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11
Q

What is a subluxation?

A

An incomplete or partial dislocation

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12
Q

What are some examples of Acute Soft tissue injuries?

A
  • Contusion and haematoma
  • Sprain
  • Strain
  • Abrasion
  • Blister
  • Concussion
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13
Q

What is a contusion?

A

A contusion, also known as a bruise, is an area of skin or tissue in which the blood vessels have ruptured (torn)

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14
Q

What is a haemotoma?

A

A localised congealed bleeding from the ruptured blood vessel

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15
Q

What is a sprain?

A

An overstretch or a tear in the ligament that connects bone to bone. It is usually caused by a sudden twist, impact or fall.

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16
Q

What are the signs/ symptoms of a sprain?

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • inability to bear weight
  • possible dislocation
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17
Q

What is a strain?

A

An overstretch or tear in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone

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18
Q

What are the signs/ symptoms of a strain?

A
  • pain on movement
  • swelling
  • discolouration/ bruising
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19
Q

What is an abrasion?

A

Superficial damage to the skin caused by a scraping action against a surface

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20
Q

What is a blister?

A

Friction, forming separation of layers of skin where a pocket of fluid forms

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21
Q

What is concussion?

A

A traumatic brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function

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22
Q

What can concussion be caused by?

A

Concussion can be caused by a direct blow to the head, or blows to other parts of the body which cause rapid movement of the head.

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23
Q

What are some symptoms of concussion?

A
  • loss of consciousness
  • balance problems
  • disorientation
  • headache
  • nausea
  • fatigue
  • light sensitivity
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24
Q

What is an example of a Chronic Hard tissue injury?

A

Stress fracture

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25
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

A tiny crack in the surface of a bone caused by overuse

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26
Q

What are some examples of Chronic Soft tissue injuries?

A
  • shin splints
  • achilles tendinosis
  • tennis elbow
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27
Q

What is shin splints?

A

Inflammation or excessive loading stress in tibialis anterior

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28
Q

What is achilles tendinosis?

A

The deterioration of collagen in the achilles tendon

29
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

The deterioration of collagen in the elbow’s tendon

30
Q

What are intrinsic injury risk factors and give some examples?

A

Intrinsic injury risk factors are injury risks or forces from inside the body.

  • e.g individual variables/ training effects
31
Q

What are some examples of individual variables?

A
  • previous injury
  • posture and alignment
  • age
  • nutrition
32
Q

What are some examples of training effects?

A
  • poor preparation
  • inadequate fitness
  • inappropriate flexability
33
Q

What are extrinsic injury risk factors and give some examples?

A

Extrinsic injury risk factors are injury risks or forces from outside the body.

  • e.g. poor training/ incorrect equipment/ inappropriate overload
34
Q

Why is poor training a risk?

A

Overuse injuries are largely caused by by performing repetative actions with poor biomechanical technique. Coaches play a critical role in injury prevention by teaching the correct technique, warm up routines and practices appropriate for the age and ability of the player.

35
Q

Why can incorrect equipment and clothing be a risk factor?

A
  • Athletes need to use equipment which is age, stature and ability related. Incorrect equipment could lead to the onset of an injury.
  • Athletes may also need to wear protective equipment to minimise risk of injury to vunerable parts of the body. This equipment should be age and size appropiate.
  • Athletes must wear sport-specific clothing to maximise performance while reducing the risk of injury
  • Footwear is also designed for the demands of the sport and/or surface of the ground
36
Q

Why is innapropriate intensity, duration or frequency a risk?

A

Progressive overload ensures the athlete is pushed beyond their comfort zone to force and adaptation, however the stress placed upon the body must be appropriate for the individuals age, ability, stature and injury status

37
Q

What is the importance of a warm up?

A

A warm up is performed to raise body temperature and prepare an athlete physiologically for an activity to minimise the risk of injury and maximise performane.

38
Q

What are the principles of an ideal warm up?

A
  • 20-45 minutes
  • gradual increase of intensity
  • 3 stages (HR raiser, stretching, sport specific drills)
39
Q

What is the importance of a cool down?

A

A cool down is performed to maintain heart rate, blood flow and metabolic activity to flush the muscle tissue with oxygenated blood, thus removing waste products and starting the healing process.

40
Q

What are the principles of an effective cool down?

A
  • 20-30 minutes
  • gradual decrease in intensity
  • 2 stages (active recovery, stretching)
41
Q

What does DOMS stand for, and what does it mean?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

  • Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle, which peaks 24 - 72 hours after exercise
42
Q

What does DOMS stand for, and what does it mean?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

  • Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle, which peaks 24 - 72 hours after exercise
43
Q

What is DOMS caused by?

A

DOMS is caused by micro-injury to the muscle fibres and requires time to heal, symptoms to subside, and muscle fibres to adapt to the new stresses placed upon them.

44
Q

What does SALTAPS stand for?

A

S - Stop
A - Ask
L - Look
T - Touch
A - Active movement
P - Passive movement
S - Strength testing

45
Q

What protocol do we use to treat acute injuries?

A

PRICE

46
Q

What does PRICE stand for?

A

P - Protect
R - Rest
I - Ice
C - Compress
E - Elevate

47
Q

What protocol do we use when treating a concussion?

A

6 R’s

48
Q

What are the 6 R’s and describe them?

A
  1. Recognise - Be aware of signs/ symptoms
  2. Remove - Remove from play immediately
  3. Refer - Must be referred to a qualified professional immediately
  4. Rest - Must rest until symptom free
  5. Recover - 2 + weeks out
  6. Return - Player must be symptom free and have written permission
49
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

The process of restoring full physical function after an injury has occurred.

50
Q

What are the 3 stages of rehabilitation?

A
  • Early stage (gentle exercise)
  • Mid stage (progressive loading)
  • Late stage (functional exercises and drills)
51
Q

What are some treatment methods?

A
  • Stretching
  • Massage
  • Cold, heat and contrast therapies
  • Anti - inflammatory drugs
  • Physiotherapy
  • Surgery
52
Q

What stretches need to be done at each phase?

A

ACUTE PHASE - within the first 3 days of an injury, no stretching should occur

MID PHASE - For up to 2 weeks, heat therapy and gentle static and passive stretching have proven to speed up recovery

LATER PHASE - PNF stretches are added to the continued static and passive stretching

53
Q

What is massage therapy?

A

A physical therapy used for injury prevention and soft tissue injury treatment

54
Q

What can sports massage do?

A
  • move fluid and nutrients through damaged tissue to encourage healing and accelerate the removal of waste products
  • stretch tissues, releasing tension and pressure and improving elasticity
  • break down scar tissue from previous injuries that can lead to inflexible tissues, injury and pain
  • reduce pain and generate heat, circulation and relaxation
55
Q

What is cold therapy?

A

Applying ice, or cold, to an injury or after exercise for a therapeutic effect, such as reduced swelling

56
Q

What is heat therapy?

A

Applying heat to an area before training for a therapeutic effect, such as increased blood flow

57
Q

What is contrast therapy?

A

The use of alternate cold and heat for a therapeutic effect, such as increase blood flow

58
Q

What do anti-inflammatory drugs do?

A

The are taken to reduce inflammation, temperature and pain following injury

59
Q

What can long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs cause?

A
  • gastro-intestinal bleeding
  • shock
  • anaemia
  • stroke
  • heart attack
60
Q

What is physiotherapy?

A

Physical treatment of injuries and disease using methods such as mobilisation, massage, exercise therapy and postural training

61
Q

What is a physiotherapy programme likely to look like?

A
  1. Pain relief, minimise swelling, ice therapy
  2. Tailored exercises
  3. Restoring normal range of motion
62
Q

What are the 2 main categories of surgical procedure?

A
  • Arthroscopy (keyhole surgery)
  • Open surgery
63
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

A minimally invasive surgical procedure to examine and repair damage within a joint. It is typically used to repair cartilage and soft tissue damage.

64
Q

What is open surgery?

A

An incision is made to open a joint to repair or reconstruct damaged structures. It is typically used to repair fractures and reconstruct ankles.

65
Q

How can fractures be treated?

A
  • PRICE
  • Sling/ cast
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Potentially surgery
66
Q

How can joint injuries be treated?

A
  • Sling/ immobilisation
  • PRICE
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Potential for surgery
67
Q

How can a sprain be treated?

A
  • PRICE
  • Immobilisation
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Rehabilitation
68
Q

How can torn cartilage be treated?

A
  • PRICE
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Physiotherapy
  • Brace for stability
  • Hydrotherapy
  • Arthroscopy

Sports Studies Paper 1 (12 decks)

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