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ATTH 3120 > Injury Response > Flashcards

Injury Response Flashcards

1
Q

Define modality.

A

the application of a therapeutic method or agent

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2
Q

4 types of modalities.

A
  • temperature
  • electricity
  • manual therapy
  • exercise
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3
Q

Give examples of temperature modalities:

A
  • cryotherapy
  • superficial heat
  • ultrasound
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4
Q

Give examples of electricity modalities:

A
  • TENS
  • IFC
  • EMS
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5
Q

Give an example of manual therapy:

A

massage

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6
Q

5 factors to consider in regards to modalities:

A
  1. type of injury
  2. type of tissue
  3. stage of inflammation
  4. therapeutic goals
  5. types of modality
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7
Q

Stage of inflammation influences decision on which ______ and _____.

A
  • modalities

- parameters

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8
Q

Define injury:

A

the result of a harmful disturbance in function and/or structure

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9
Q

What types of injury are there?

A

Time vs Quantity

  • acute
  • chronic
  • recurrent
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10
Q

What does SHARP stand for?

A
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Altered function
  • Redness
  • Pain
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11
Q

Define inflammation:

A

tissue reaction to injury

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12
Q

Define effusion:

A

the escape of fluid from anatomical vessels or exudation

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13
Q

Define edema:

A

accumulation of excessive fluid and protein in interstitial space (eg. cells, tissue spaces, body cavities).

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14
Q

Define swelling:

A

the state of being swollen, increased in size

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15
Q

Name 3 other responses to injury:

A
  • secondary hypoxic/metabolic injury
  • muscle spasm
  • atrophy
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16
Q

How to avoid atrophy:

A

starting exercise ASAP - isometrics at mid range

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17
Q

Define primary tissue death:

A
  • external or internal stress that causes injury

- mechanical, chemical, thermal, pathogenic

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18
Q

Define secondary tissue death:

A
  • anoxic or hypoxic injury that leads to cell death

- when it affects other tissues that wasn’t affected before

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19
Q

Goal during acute phase = minimize _____ injury, and to interrupt the injury process after ____ _____ _____ to avoid ______.

A
  • secondary
  • primary tissue death
  • progression
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20
Q

Typical injury progression without intervention.

A
  1. injury
  2. primary tissue death
  3. SHARP
  4. muscle spasm
  5. atrophy
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21
Q

5 types of tissue in the body:

A
  • epithelial
  • adipose
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • connective
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22
Q

Describe epithelial tissue and give examples.

A
  • superficial lining of body, heart/blood vessels, hollow organs, glands, and external openings.
  • avascular
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23
Q

3 types of epithelial cells:

A
  • squamous (lining of mouth, blood vessels, esophagus, alveoli).
  • cuboidal (ducts of glands)
  • columnar (lining of stomach/intestines)
24
Q

Why is the water content of adipose tissue relevant?

A
  • low water content

- 0.5” subcutaneous fat takes 10 min to cool

25
Q

Water content of muscular tissue is ____ (high/low).

A

high

26
Q

Must abundant type of tissue in the body:

A

connective

27
Q

Function of connective tissue:

A
  • strength
  • structure
  • nutrition
  • protection
28
Q

Give examples of connective tissue:

A
  • blood
  • fascia
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • lymph
  • tendon
  • ligaments
  • collagen fibres (highly vascular)
29
Q

2 types of nervous systems:

A
  • CNS

- PNS

30
Q

2 types of nerve fibres:

A
  • afferent

- efferent

31
Q

Nervous tissue is made up of:

A
  • neurons
  • glia
  • synapse
32
Q

Electrical synapse:

A

gap junction

33
Q

Chemical synapse:

A

synaptic cleft

34
Q

2 types of tissue in the body that do not heal well:

A
  • cardiac tissue

- nervous tissue

35
Q

Describe the healing properties of each tissue type:

A
  • epithelia: excellent
  • adipose: N/A
  • Muscle: optimal dependent on multiple factors
  • connective: optimal dependent on multiple factors
  • nervous: CNS = none. PNS = some ability.
36
Q

3 stages of inflammation:

A
  1. acute or inflammatory phase (0-14 days)
  2. sub acute or proliferation or fibroplastic proliferation phase (2-52 days)
  3. chronic or maturation or remodelling phase (21d - 3 yrs)
37
Q

In the acute/inflammatory phase, we should not use ____ as a modality.

A
  • heat

- if the injury is hot, don’t heat it up.

38
Q

How can we distinguish the sub-acute/(fibroblastic) proliferation phase from the acute/inflammatory phase?

A

absence of heat on injured area

39
Q

How can we distinguish the chronic/maturation/remodelling phase from the second phase?

A

based on the response to treatment that day. Can be trial and error.

40
Q

4 responses that occur during the acute inflammatory response:

A
  • vascular
  • cellular
  • chemical
  • immune
41
Q

There are _____ mediators throughout the acute inflammatory response.

A

chemical

42
Q

During the acute inflammatory response, there are 5 changes in local blood flow:

A
  • transient vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • blood flow
  • blood viscosity
  • edema (Starling’s Law)
43
Q

Transient vasoconstriction lasts how long? What chemical causes this? This is called the _____ _____ of an Ax.

A
  • 1-10 min
  • seratonin
  • golden period
44
Q

3 components of Starling’s law:

A
  1. The vascular hydrostatic pressure and the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure force the contents from the capillary outward to the tissues
  2. The plasma colloid osmotic pressure moves fluids from the tissues into the capillaries
  3. The limb’s hydrostatic pressure is altered by changes in the position of the limb
45
Q

Normally the vascular hydrostatic pressure and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure are ____.

A

even

46
Q

What happens when vascular hydrostatic pressure > plasma colloid osmotic pressure?

A

fluid forced out of capillaries and into tissue = swelling

47
Q

What happens when plasma colloid osmotic pressure > vascular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Fluids move into capillaries to be removed by the lymphatic system.

48
Q

When your arm is hanging at your side, its hydrostatic pressure is _____ because gravity is pulling the blood ____. The resulting pressure forces fluids into _____.

A
  • increased
  • distally
  • interstitial space
49
Q

When your arm is lifted above your head, the limb hydrostatic pressure _____, forcing fluids ____.

A
  • decreases

- back to your heart

50
Q

The limb hydro- static pressure is used to help control and reduce …

A

swelling in the extremities

51
Q

Damage to tissue = ____ cells stimulated = ____ released.

A
  • mast

- histamine

52
Q

3 steps of cellular response:

A
  1. margination/pavementing
  2. diapedesis
  3. chemotaxis
53
Q

Describe margination:

A

Chemicals from mast cell cause WBC, PL, and PR to marginate/collect in the middle of the capillary

54
Q

Describe pavementing:

A

collection of WBC, PL and PR start moving towards wall d/t chemical attractants

55
Q

Describe diapedesis:

A
  • histamine causes vasodilation by contracting simple squamous cells on outside (gaps in between)
  • allows collection of WBC, PL and PR to move outside the capillary wall
56
Q

Describe chemotaxis:

A
  • chemicals are released where injury occurs, which attracts WBC, PL and PR to go to that area
  • ~ 6 hours
57
Q

6 chemicals released during chemical response in acute/inflammatory phase (IN ORDER):

A
  • seratonin and norepinephrine
  • heparin
  • histamine
  • kinins
  • prostaglandins
  • serotonin
  • leukotrines

ATTH 3120 (2 decks)

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